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Interactions

Interactions. Transformation, Imperialism, & Colonialism. Imperialism Policy of extending control over foreign entities either thru direct or indirect political or economic intervention Colonialism

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Interactions

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  1. Interactions Transformation, Imperialism, & Colonialism

  2. Imperialism Policy of extending control over foreign entities either thru direct or indirect political or economic intervention Colonialism System in which a state claims sovereignty over a foreign people, its resources, & its territory Definitions Cecil Rhodes, “From Cape to Cairo”, as depicted in a 19th c. Punch magazine.

  3. Transformation in Western Europe, 16th-19th c. New state types • emergence of the national state around 1500 • well-defined territory • relatively centralized • Professional armies • New accumulation of wealth New economies • Exploration of the “New World,” 1450-1700. • Industrial capitalism

  4. W. European Transformation • New ideas • Science and Enlightenment • Development of a new scientific discourses • New identities • “Us” and “Them,” “Civilized world and “uncivilized” world, Orient & Occident • gradual emergence of nationalism

  5. French invasion of Egypt, 1798-1801 Right, Gerome’s Napoleon in Egypt (1863) A romanticized painting of Napoleon inspecting a mummy at the Pyramids.

  6. Transformations in Ottoman rule, 19th century • Ottoman reform: The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s • New centralization • New technologies (railroad) • New education • New institutions • Nationalism • loss of Ottoman territories • Communal violence • Reform & new powers (Egypt) • Erosion of Ottoman economic and political independence • Capitulations • European protection of non-Muslim minorities • 1881 Public Debt Administration

  7. Age of Empire, 1875-1914 • Growing global division between the very powerful and the not powerful • Rise of colonial empires • Between 1876 & 1914 about 25% of the world’s land surface distributed as colonies among about 6 states (E. Hobsbawm) • Reasons: economics (new markets & new resources), strategic reasons, political symbolism, nationalism • New European colonialism in the Middle East: Direct & Indirect colonialism • British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799 • New settler colonialisms in North Africa • French annexation of Algeria, 1834 • British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882 • Russian and British imperialism in Iran In the late 19th c. around 60% of Britain’s cotton exports went to India & further east…

  8. Imperialism in Africa, late 19th-early 20th century

  9. Empire’s twilight: World War I and its aftermath • Choosing the wrong side: The Ottomans in WWI • Secret European agreements: • Istanbul Agreement – Russia, England, France – Russia gets Istanbul and the straits; Arabs get Arabia and much of the rest of the Arab world • Sykes-Picot Agreement –Britain and France • Husayn-McMahon Correspondence • Balfour Declaration

  10. Sykes-Picot Agreement

  11. New Maps: the Mandate System • League of Nations-sanctioned • certain parts of the world were put under “trusteeship” of various victorious European powers • British mandates in the MidEast: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan • French mandates in the MidEast: Syria, Lebanon

  12. Outside the Mandate • True independence: Turkey • Mostly independent: Yemen, S.Arabia • Direct colonial rule: Libya (Italy); Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (French) • External control & influence: Iran (Britain, Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain) • British treaties of protection: Kuwait, Oman, U.A.E.

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