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Laser Dentistry: Science vs. Hype Christopher J. Walinski, DDS 9-10 March 2006 Pacific Dental Conference  Vancouv

Laser Dentistry: Science vs. Hype Christopher J. Walinski, DDS 9-10 March 2006 Pacific Dental Conference  Vancouver, BC. What Will We Discuss?. Part I: Essential Concepts of Laser Dentistry CO 2 , Nd:YAG, Argon, Diode and Erbium wavelengths Part II: Soft Tissue discussion

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Laser Dentistry: Science vs. Hype Christopher J. Walinski, DDS 9-10 March 2006 Pacific Dental Conference  Vancouv

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  1. Laser Dentistry: Science vs. Hype Christopher J. Walinski, DDS 9-10 March 2006 Pacific Dental Conference  Vancouver, BC

  2. What Will We Discuss? Part I: Essential Concepts of Laser Dentistry CO2, Nd:YAG, Argon, Diode and Erbium wavelengths Part II: Soft Tissue discussion Part III: Hard Tissue discussion Part IV: Laser Assisted Periodontics Part V: Laser Assisted Endodontics Part VI: Laser Assisted Surgical Procedures Part VII: Where do we go from here?

  3. LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation First postulated by...

  4. Albert Einstein In 1916, in his treatise, “Zur Quantum Theorie der Strahlung,” Albert Einstein developed the theory of spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation. What is important from his treatise is that as an atom absorbs a quantum of energy it is pumped to an excited state or higher energy level.

  5. Laser Historical Landmarks • Early 1900’s: Niels Bohr quantified energy levels involved. • MASER:Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Townes and Schalow. • 1960: Theodore H. Maiman produced the first ruby laser by inserting a ruby rod into a photographic flashlamp. • 1964: Townes, Basov and Prokhorov receive the Nobel Peace Prize for the development of the laser. • 1964: Stern and Sognnaes used the ruby laser to vaporize enamel and dentin.

  6. Laser Historical Landmarks • 1966: Leon Goldman used the laser clinically on enamel and dentin. Goldman, Stern and Sognnaes are recognized as the first to use lasers on tooth structures. One of their findings was that the heat buildup in teeth generated by early continuous wave lasers caused damage to the pulp. • 1989: Introduction of the first true dental laser.

  7. Bohr’s Model Electrons have separate energy levels, E0 and E1. N E0 E1 A quantum of energy can be gained or lost by the atom, and there will be movement from one level to another. The atom prefers the stable, normal state of E0.

  8. Spontaneous Emission Spontaneous Emission occurs as the atom decays from the excited state to the lower energy state, emitting the excess energy as a photon, or quanta of light.

  9. Stimulated Emission During stimulated emission an outside source is used to excite the already excited atoms to release stored energy. Here, the excited photon and the released photon stimulate two more excited atoms producing a chain reaction. The end result is photons of identical wavelength traveling in the same direction as well as oscillating together in phase.

  10. Electromagnetic Waves Wavelength Amplitude Velocity Frequency is the number of complete oscillations of the wave per second.

  11. Electromagnetic Waves Wavelengthis the physical property that determines the classification of electromagnetic energy and lasers are named by their characteristic wavelength and active medium. Wavelength is the distance a photon travels through one complete oscillation and is measured from corresponding point to corresponding point. Wavelength is measured in meters. Micrometer (µm) = 10-6 meters or micron (µ) Nanometer(nm) = 10-9 meters

  12. Diode (980nm) ErCr:YSGG (2780nm) HeNe (632nm) Utraviolet Utraviolet Visible Visible Infrared Infrared 100 100 nm nm 400 400 nm nm nm 750 750 nm nm 10,000 Diode (810nm) CO2 (10.6µm) Argon (488nm) Argon (514nm) Er:YAG (2940nm) Nd:YAG (1064nm)

  13. Characteristics of Laser Light Spatial and temporal beam Coherency- Laser light is in phase (same time and space)

  14. Characteristics of Laser Light Monochromaticity - Laser light is all one wavelength (the same color)

  15. Characteristics of Laser Light Collimation - Laser light travels in a straight line.

  16. Characteristics of Ordinary Visible Light Multiple wavelengths = white light Non-Directional Non-Focused

  17. Laser Cavity • Active Medium: Solid, liquid or gas supplies the photons that determine the output wavelength and power energy. Suspended in an optical cavity. • Laser Resonator: Optical subsystem. The simplest system being two mirrors. This houses the active medium and is responsible for amplification. • Power Supply or Excitation Source: Responsible for pumping or exciting the particles of the active medium. Causes a population inversion.

  18. Active Medium • Solid State Laser: Active medium is suspended in a transparent crystal. The host material is grown in or “doped” with atoms that will create the desired wavelength. Erbium, Neodynium, Holmium, etc. • Gas Lasers: Have a hollow tube filled with the appropriate gas or mixture of gases. Carbon dioxide, argon. • Liquid Dye Lasers: Have the dye dissolved in methanol or water solvent. • Diode Laser: Semiconductor crystals. Pumped electronically.

  19. How Lasers Work How Lasers Work How Lasers Work High Voltage Power Supply = atoms cathode anode Beam output Discharge Tube 100% Reflective Mirror 98% Reflective Mirror

  20. Laser Light Properties • Passing laser light through selected medium can alter the wavelength. An example is frequency doubling crystals. • Any medium with a density greater than air will cause some divergence of the laser beam. • Laser light travels in a straight line until it is absorbed or reflected.

  21. Laser Light Properties • Divergence is that property where the beam diameter of the laser light increases with the distance from the laser. • A highly directional laser has a low divergence or the laser is well-collimated. • As laser energy exits a fiber or waveguide it is no longer collimated.

  22. Definitions • Joule = Unit of ENERGY, ability to do work • Watt = Unit of POWER, rate of doing work • 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second • Pulses per second (number of firing cycles per second) is measured in HERTZ

  23. Laser Light • Focal point is that distance where the beam is reduced to some minimum diameter. • The diameter of the beam at the target tissue surface is called the irradiated spot size, laser spot size or spot size. • Power Density = Watts/cm2. The smaller the diameter, the higher the Power Density.

  24. Garden Hose Laser Power Density Power Density = Watts/cm2

  25. Laser Power vs. Laser Energy Laser Power refers to the rate at which energy is generated by a laser. Expressed as either Joules/second or Watts. Total Energy refers to the energy used during the procedure. If a 1 Watt laser is used for 10 seconds, we would have generated 10 Joules of energy to the target tissue.

  26. Absorption Characteristics of Dental Lasers Alexandrite (2x) 377nm Calculus Argon 488&515nm Hemoglobin, Melanin, Resin Catalyst HeNe 632nm Melanin Diode 810-980nm Melanin, Water Nd:YAG 1064nm Melanin, Water, Dentin Ho:YAG 2120nm Water, Dentin Erbium 2780&2940nm Water, Hydroxyapatite CO2 10,600nm Hydroxyapatite, Water

  27. Relative Absorption of Laser Light Water Hydroxyapatite Pigment Log Scale Argon Diode Nd: Ho: Er,Cr: CO2 488-515 810-830 1064 2120 2780 10600

  28. Laser Delivery Systems Fixed lens and mirror The oldest and least flexible system consists of a series of fixed lenses and mirrors which allow the energy to be focused to a specific point in space. Such a setup is still in use for those wavelengths which cannot be transmitted through other means.

  29. Laser Delivery Systems Articulated Arm More flexible than a fixed lens and mirror system, an articulated arm consists of mechanical arms connected to flexible joints and fitted with mirrors. Laser energy is reflected off each mirror until it exits from the arm.

  30. Laser Delivery Systems Hollow Waveguide A flexible tube designed to confine and direct the laser energy in a direction determined by the waveguide’s actual physical boundaries.

  31. Laser Delivery Systems Optic Fiber Cladding Core Jacket More flexible still is an optic fiber, typically consisting of a flexible glass core surrounded by a cladding and a protective jacket. Can be used in the contact mode. Not all laser wavelengths are able to be delivered through optical fibers.

  32. 3 Watts 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Time in Seconds Continuous Wave Mode Peak power and average power are the same LASER Settings Power = 3.0 Watts

  33. 3 Watts 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Time in Seconds Gated/Chopped Mode Average power is 1.5 Watts LASER Settings Power = 3.0 Watts, Pulse Length = 0.5 second 1.5 W

  34. Free-Running Pulsed Mode Average power is 2.0 Watts LASER Settings Energy = 100 mJ, Pulse Length = 100 µsecond Peak Power = 1000 W Watts 2.0 W 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Time in µseconds

  35. Laser - Tissue Interaction • Thermal Relaxation is the time that the laser energy is off. This is the time during which the target tissue is allowed to cool. • If we want to cool tissue we can change thermal relaxation time by switching from Continuous Wave to Gated. Free-running Pulsed laser has a longer thermal relaxation time than does gated. • Always use the lowest power setting that will achieve the desired results in a reasonable amount of time.

  36. Argon Laser • Gas Laser • 488 nm & 514 nm • Visible spectrum (blue & green) • Soft-Tissue & Photopolymerization • Highly absorbed by pigment • Used in contact or non-contact mode

  37. Diode Laser • Solid State - Semiconductor Laser • 810-980 nm • Near Infrared spectrum • Soft-Tissue, PBM & Whitening • Highly absorbed by pigment • Used in contact or non-contact mode

  38. Nd:YAG Laser • Solid State Laser • 1064 nm • Near-Infrared spectrum • Soft-Tissue Only • Highly absorbed by pigment • Used in contact or non-contact mode

  39. Erbium Lasers • Er,Cr:YSGG & Er:YAG • 2780nm & 2940nm • Mid-Infrared spectrum • Hard and Soft-Tissue • Highly absorbed by hydroxyapatite and water • Lower absorption in pigmented tissue

  40. Erbium Lasers • Hard Tissue - Very little heat transfer • Soft Tissue - Little or no topical or local anesthetic necessary • Er:YAG & Er,Cr:YSGG

  41. Carbon Dioxide Laser • Gas Laser • 10600nm = 10.6µ • Far-Infrared spectrum • Soft-Tissue Only • Highly absorbed by pigment, hydroxyapatite and water • Used in non-contact mode

  42. Laser Effects on Tissue Reflection - Laser light is bounced off the surface of the target tissue without penetration or interaction

  43. Laser Effects on Tissue Scattering - individual molecules and atoms take the laser beam and deflect the beam power into directions other than the intended direction.

  44. Laser Effects on Tissue Transmission - Laser light travels through the tissue unchanged.

  45. Laser Effects on Tissue Absorption - Atoms and molecules that make up the tissue convert the laser light energy into heat, chemical, acoustic or non-laser light energy.

  46. Thermal Effect of Laser on Tissue Tissue Temp (ºC)Observed Effect 40-50 Hyperthermia 60 Coagulation, Protein Denaturation 70-90 Welding 100 Vaporization 200 Carbonization

  47. Laser Safety Officer • Operation characteristics of the laser being used • Biological effects and potential hazards • Requirements of ANSI and OSHA • Practical safety control measures for lasers • Provide laser safety training for all in the working environment • Protective equipment - laser-specific glasses • Warning signs and labels

  48. Laser Safety Officer • Combustible materials • Determination of the potential hazard zone - nominal hazard zone (NHZ) • Establish the standard operating procedure for the operation of the laser within the facility • Actively involved in assurance of safe practices and policies • Keeper of the keys • Implementing medical surveillance and accident reports

  49. Eye Protection

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