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The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan; & Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality

The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan; & Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality. Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932) . 1922-Mussolini & the Fascist Party came to power in Italy 1932-Mussolini wrote a definition of Fascism for the Italian dictionary

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The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan; & Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality

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  1. The Rise of Fascism & Militarism in Italy, Germany & Japan;& Prelude to War: American Policy of Neutrality

  2. Benitio Mussolini: "What is Fascism?" (1932) • 1922-Mussolini & the Fascist Party came to power in Italy • 1932-Mussolini wrote a definition of Fascism for the Italian dictionary • Rejection of Pacifism, Marxism & Democracy • Life=duty, struggle & conquest • Humans=inherently unequal • State=superior to the individual • Territorial Expansion=manifestation of a nation’s vitality

  3. Raymond H. Geist’s letter to Moffat (1934) • Geist = U.S. Consul in Berlin • Moffat=chief of the division of Western European Affairs • Letter of Sept. 15, 1934 • Describes the newly established Nazi state • Germany is remilitarizing • Building up its air force & mechanized divisions • The German youth is glorifying military heroism • Predicts war by the end of the decade

  4. Nuremberg Laws (1935) • Proclaimed during the 1935 Nuremburg Rally • Laws severely restricted the freedoms of German Jews • the Jim Crow Laws in the American South= a model for segregation • Forbade Marriage & Sexual Relations between Germans & Jews • Stripped Citizenship from German-Jews

  5. Haile Selassie’s Appeal to the League of Nations(June 1936) • October 3, 1935, Mussolini launched an invasion of Ethiopia • Haile Selassie I =Emperor of Ethiopia • League had promised Ethiopia assistance against Italian aggression • Outlines Italian policy of targeting civilians • Exposes Italian diplomatic treachery • Exposes the League’s goal of collective security as a sham • Argues that, by its inaction, the League is establishing a deadly precedent of “bowing before force” • ultimately, the League does nothing • Other states like Germany & Japan are encourage to pursue expansionist aims

  6. Hossbach Memorandum (BERLIN, November 10, 1937) • Since his seizure of power in 1933, Hitler demanded a fair but peaceful revision of the Versailles Treaty. • Hitler exploited widespread international pacifism • In 1937, Hitler held a secret meeting in Berlin with his top generals • Germany’s Problem=lack of living space • autarky, participation in the world economy and overseas colonies are rejected as possible solutions • Goal of German Foreign Policy=Expansion at the expense of Germany’s neighbors • War must come by 1943-1945, because Germany’s enemies will have caught up with German rearmament

  7. World Defense Spending

  8. Hitler's Defiance of the Western Powers

  9. German Expansion 1935-1939

  10. Japanese Expansion

  11. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 • Named after the American secretary of state, Frank B. Kellogg & French Foreign minister Aristide Briand • Treaty renounced war as a means of national policy • International Disputes should be solved by peaceful means • helped to formulate later international law especially notions of “crimes against peace.” • Pact lack an efficient enforcement mechanism

  12. Message to the Nations of the World appealing for Peace by Disarmament and the end of Economic Chaos, (May 16, 1933) • To solve the global financial crisis, Franklin Roosevelt urges economic cooperation and an international agreement for disarmament. • Considers Armaments to be unnecessary • Proposes that all gov’ts reduce their militaries • Urges Gov’ts to adopt transcend domestic needs & create lasting international economic reform

  13. The Nye Report (February 24, 1936) • In 1934, Senator Nye headed an investigation of the munitions industry. • he charged the industry with corruption by connecting wartime profits of the banking & munitions industries to America's involvement in World War I • Many Americans felt betrayed • perhaps the war hadn't been an epic battle between the forces of good (democracy) and evil (autocracy) • The report bolstered sentiments for isolationism

  14. "Is Neutrality Possible?" By Gerald Nye • World War I led to an unacceptable loss of life & caused grave economic consequences • The U.S. should focus its energies at home • U.S. should avoid European entanglements • Neutrality is the preferred policy over “collective security” • Munitions manufacturers stir up animosities between Japan & the U.S. to ensure profits • Money wasted on the military could be used for the public’s benefit • The spread of Fascism can be checked by building up a better societal model in the United States

  15. "Neutrality Act" of August 31, 1935 • spurred by the growth of isolationism after WW1 • Goal=to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts • Prohibited • Sale of arms to nations at war • The transport of arms on American vessels • Americans from traveling on belligerent vessels • Further amended in 1936, 1937 & 1939 • Allowed the President to decide when nations were at war • This provided a loophole that FDR carefully exploited to assist American allies from aggressor states • Legacy • Made no distinction between Aggressor states & states being attacked • they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain vs. Nazi Germany

  16. Address Delivered by President Roosevelt Before the Congress, January 3, 1936 • Points • International tensions have steadily increased over the past 3 years • By contrast, Western Hemisphere enjoys a “good neighbor” policy • The U.S. must take note of the rise of aggression abroad • These states lack democratic channels for change • Bellicose states have blocked disarmament efforts • Although it reaffirms American isolation, FDR’s speech is notable for its markedly pessimistic tone

  17. Roosevelt's "Quarantine" Speech (October 5, 1937) • Hopes for global peace are undermined by aggressor states • “foundations of civilization” are threatened • The U.S. & the Western Hemisphere also in danger • Complete isolation from the world isn’t possible • U.S. must reestablish international law & morality • War is like a disease, it must be quarantined to protect the world • With the speech, FDR sounds the alarm that American must now take notice of global problems

  18. Depiction of U.S. Isolationism

  19. America First Party • Est. September 1940 • Pressure group to keep the U.S. out of the war • Peak membership=800,000 • April 23, 1941 Charles Lindbergh speech in New York • U.S. shouldn’t enter war unless it can win • Britain nor the U.S. can defeat Germany • Fall of the democracies in Europe can be blamed on the interventionists in those countries (effectively blames the victims) • Britain is trying to lure the U.S. into the war • FDR is leading the U.S. into war but the majority is against it • U.S should follow the Monroe Doctrine & Washington’s advice to avoid “entangling alliances”

  20. Lindbergh’s Des Moines Speech(Sept. 11, 1941) • Propaganda has led the American public from isolation toward being on the verge of war • 3 groups are responsible • The British • The Jews • The Roosevelt Administration • According to Lindbergh, these groups control the media & are brainwashing the public • Lindbergh’s speech with its anti-Semitic connotations enraged many

  21. Bibliography • Slide #1: • Mussolini/Hitler: http://www.provincia.torino.it/cultura/rosanero/im/27.jpg • Roosevelt: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/04629.GIF • Lindbergh: http://staff.imsa.edu/socsci/jvictory/isolationism/lindbergh_amerfirst.jpg • Slide #2 • Photo of Mussolini: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/haywardlad/famous/heads-mussolini.jpg • Slide #3 • Photo of Hitler: http://www.digischrift.nl/lessen/adolfhitler1/index.3.jpg • Photo of Nuremberg Rally: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/58806.jpg • Slide #4 • Photo of Nazi Eugenic Test: http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/eugenics.jpg • Photo of “Jew Only Bench”: http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Pinkhof/yaari/sophpix/jewonly.gif • Photo of Jewish Shop: http://mayoramber.esmartdesign.com/windowbig.jpg • Slide #5 • Time Cover of Haile Selassie: http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1936/1101360106_400.jpg • Slide #6 • Photo of German Troops: http://www.umkc.edu/lib/spec-col/ww2/1939/images/63-579.jpg • Slide #7 • Defense Spending Chart: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Graph_top7_def_expd_1930-38.png • Slide #8 • David Lowe Cartoon: http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/honsem/theses/mkravetz03/SpinelessBg.jpg • Slide #9 • German Expansion: http://www.msubillings.edu/history/NaziExpansion.jpg • Slide #10 • Japanese Expansion Before Pearl Harbor: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_sub/map--imperial%20japan.jpg • Slide #11 • Kellogg-Briand: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics3/01115.jpg • Slide #13 • The Nye Committee: http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW2Pics/00811.jpg • Slide #15 • Political Cartoon: http://www.beyondbelief72.com/hello/27/1105/1024/011140_parrish.jpg • Slide #17 • Roosevelt: http://www.theconnection.org/photogallery/fdr/images/1.jpg • Slide #18 • Political Cartoon: http://spartans.sstx.org/~wgoodman/WWIIisolationismcart.jpg • Slide #19 • Lindbergh America First: http://staff.imsa.edu/socsci/jvictory/isolationism/lindbergh_amerfirst.jpg • Slide #20 • Dr. Suess Cartoon: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/pm/10602cs.jpg

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