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Rules of the Road

Rules of the Road. Able Requirement 14. Able Requirement 14. Explain and demonstrate a working knowledge of the nautical rules of the road that govern the local waters used by your ship's principal craft.

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Rules of the Road

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  1. Rules of the Road Able Requirement 14

  2. Able Requirement 14 • Explain and demonstrate a working knowledge of the nautical rules of the road that govern the local waters used by your ship's principal craft. • Explain and demonstrate ship's lights, rules in limited visibility, whistle signals, and right of way, including exceptions vessels. • Describe special lights and day shapes deployed on the following vessels: not under command; restricted by ability to maneuver; constrained by draft; fishing (trawling); sailboat. • Reference: • See "Rules of the Road" on page 174. • Navigation Rules (International - Inland), COMDTINST M16672.2D Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  3. Inland Navigation Rules Act of 1980 • 1-3 General Rules • 4-19 Steering and Sailing Rules • 4-10 apply in any condition of visibility • 11-18 apply to vessels in sight of one another • 19 apply to vessels in restricted visibility • 20-31 Lights and Shapes • 32-37 Sound and Light Signals • 38 Exemptions Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  4. Application(Rule 1) • “These Rules apply to all vessels...” • International: • ...upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. • Inland: • ...upon the inland waters of the U.S. and to U.S. vessels on Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. • Importance (prevent collision, prevent loss of life, etc..) • Rules apply according to location - Inland vs. International • Difference between the COLREGS and Inland Rules as determined by boundaries described in Navigation Rules • Rules of the Road are mandatory, • COLREGS contains no penalty for violations while the Inland Rules provide for a penalty for vessels navigated in violation of the rules • Obedience must be timely Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  5. Responsibility(Rule 2) • Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, operator or owner from the consequences of: • neglect to comply with these rules • neglect of any required precaution • special circumstances of the case • A departure from these rules may be necessary to avoid immediate danger. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  6. General Definitions(Rule 3) • Vessel - every description of watercraft capable of being used for transportation on the water • Power-driven vessel - any vessel propelled by machinery. • Sailing vessel - any vessel under sail provided any propelling machinery is not being used. • Vessel engaged in fishing • nets, lines, trawling (not trolling) • Vessel not under command (NUC) • Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver (RAM) • laying, servicing, retrieving navigation aids, cables, pipeline • dredging, surveying, underwater ops • towing which restricts ability to deviate from course • Vessel constrained by her draft (International only) (CBD) Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  7. General Definitions - Vessels(Rule 3) • Underway - not at anchor or made fast to shore or aground. • Vessels in sight of one another - only when one can be observed visually from the other. • Restricted visibility - any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes. • Inland Waters – navigable waters of the U.S. shoreward of the demarcation lines dividing the high seas from harbors and other inland waters. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  8. Important Terms • These terms are defined in detail by Rules 16 and 17 • Give-way - a term used for the vessel which is directed by rule to keep out of the way. • Stand-on - a term used for the vessel which is directed by rule to keep its course and speed. • May take action if other vessel is not taking appropriate action • Shall take action if necessary to avoid collision Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  9. Steering and Sailing Rules(Rules 4-19) • Rules 4-19 apply in any condition of visibility. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  10. Proper Look-Out Required (Rule 5) • Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions to make a full appraisal of the situation and of risk of collision. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  11. Safe Speed(Rule 6) • Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed so that it can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  12. Safe Speed(Rule 6) • In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be taken into account: • Visibility • Traffic density • Maneuverability including stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions • At night the presence of background light • Wind, sea, current, and proximity of hazards • Draft in relation to depth of water • Additional factors for vessels with radar. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  13. Risk of Collision(Rule 7) • Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. • If there is any doubt, such risk shall exist. • Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, to obtain early warning of risk of collision. • Assumptions shall not be made. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  14. Risk of Collision(Rule 7) RELATIVE BEARING(Angle to other vessels)DOES NOT CHANGE In determining if risk of collision exists: Such risk shall exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  15. Risk of Collision(Rule 7) RELATIVEBEARINGSCHANGING Close quarters situation less likely. Risk of collision may not exist, but assumptions should not be made. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  16. Risk of Collision(Rule 7) • In determining if risk of collision exists: Such risk may exist even when a bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a vessel at close range. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  17. Action to Avoid Collision (Rule 8) • Action taken to avoid collision shall be positive, made in ample time and with regard to good seamanship. • Alteration of course or speed shall be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel. • Alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation if made in good time. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  18. Action to Avoid Collision (Rule 8) • Action taken shall result in passing at a safe distance. • If necessary, a vessel shall slacken speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing means of propulsion. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  19. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A vessel in a narrow channel shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel on its starboard side as is safe and practicable. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  20. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A power vessel proceeding downbound with a following current shall have right-of-way over an upbound vessel. CURRENT Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  21. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A vessel less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede a vessel that can safely navigate only within a channel. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  22. Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  23. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel if such crossing impedes passage of a vessel that can safely navigate only within a channel. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  24. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • An overtaking vessel shall indicate its intention by sounding the appropriate signal and take steps to permit safe passing. The overtaken vessel sounds same signal if in agreement. TOOT TOOT TOOT Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  25. Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • A vessel nearing a bend or an area where vessels may be obscured by an obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and sound appropriate signals. 3 5 6 TOOOOOOOOT TOOOOOOOOT 4 7 1 2 8 Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  26. 1 3 5 7 4 6 8 2 Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • Every vessel shall avoid anchoring in a narrow channel. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  27. Narrow Channels(Rule 9) • Vessels leaving a dock, slip, tie-up or mooring shall yield the right-of-way to all vessels approaching. GIVE-WAY STAND-ON MOORING BUOY GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  28. Application of Rules(Rule 11) • Rules (11-18) apply to vessels in sight of one another. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  29. Sailing Vessels(Rule 12) • When two sailing vessels are approaching, one of them shall keep out of the way as follows: When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel with the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way. WIND DIRECTION PORT STARBOARD STAND-ON GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  30. Sailing Vessels(Rule 12) • When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward (upwind) shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward (downwind). WINDDIRECTION PORT GIVE-WAY PORT WINDWARD LEEWARD STAND-ON Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  31. Sailing Vessels(Rule 12) • When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward (upwind) shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward (downwind). WINDDIRECTION STARBOARD GIVE-WAY STARBOARD WINDWARD LEEWARD STAND-ON Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  32. Sailing Vessels(Rule 12) • If a vessel with the wind on port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine if the other vessel has the wind on the port or starboard, it shall keep out of the way. WIND DIRECTION ? PORT LINE OF SIGHT:Difficult to determine which side sail is on GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  33. Sailing Vessels(Rule 12) • The windward side is opposite to the side the mainsail is carried on. WINDDIRECTION PORT STARBOARD WINDWARD WINDWARD LEEWARD LEEWARD MAINSAIL HEADSAIL MAINSAIL HEADSAIL Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  34. Overtaking(Rule 13) • Any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. STAND-ON GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  35. A vessel shall be overtaking when coming up from a direction more than 22½ degrees abaft (behind) another vessels beam; Overtaking(Rule 13) CROSSING ZONE OVERTAKING ZONE135º STAND-ON HEAD-ON CROSSING ZONE in a position that at night it wouldonly see the stern light but neither of the sidelightsof that vessel. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  36. Overtaking(Rule 13) • When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether it is overtaking, it shall assume it is and act accordingly. OVERTAKING or CROSSING? ? ? Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  37. Overtaking(Rule 13) • When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether it is overtaking, it shall assume it is and act accordingly. DANGER ZONE OVERTAKING CROSSING ? ? Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  38. GIVE-WAY Head-On Situation(Rule 14) • Unless otherwise agreed, when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal courses each shall alter course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other. STARBOARDPORT PORTSTARBOARD GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  39. Head-On Situation(Rule 14) • Such a situation shall exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night it could see both sidelights and by day observes the corresponding aspect. • When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists it shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  40. Crossing Situation(Rule 15) • When two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on its starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel. STAND-ON GIVE-WAY ALTER COURSE, SLOW or STOP Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  41. DANGER ZONE 112.5º STAND-ON 112.5º Observes green sidelight of approaching vessel GIVE-WAY Observes red sidelight of vessel in danger zone Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  42. STAND-ON STAND-ON Crossing Situation(Rule 15) • A vessel crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending. RIVERCURRENT GIVE-WAY Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  43. Action by Give-Way Vessel(Rule 16) • Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  44. Action by Stand-On Vessel(Rule 17) • Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep its course and speed. • The stand-on vessel may take action as soon as it becomes apparent the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. • A power-driven vessel which takes action with another power vessel shall not alter course to port for a vessel on its own port side. • When the stand-on vessel finds itself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the give-way vessel alone, it shall take action to avoid collision. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  45. Responsibilities Between Vessels(Rule 18) • Except where Rules 9 (Narrow Channels), 10 (Traffic Schemes) and 13 (Overtaking) otherwise require: • A power vessel underway shall keep out of the way of : • a vessel not under command • a vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver • a vessel engaged in fishing (commercial vessel) • a sailing vessel Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  46. Responsibilities Between Vessels(Rule 18) • A sailing vessel shall keep out of the way of : • a vessel not under command • a vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver • a vessel engaged in fishing (commercial) • A vessel engaged in fishing (commercial) shall keep out of the way of : • a vessel not under command • a vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  47. Conduct in Restricted Visibility(Rule 19) • This rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when in or near an area of restricted visibility. • Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the conditions. Power vessels shall have engines ready for immediate maneuver. • Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing conditions when complying with navigation rules. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  48. Conduct in Restricted Visibility(Rule 19) • A vessel which detects another vessel by radar shall determine if risk of collision exists. If so, it shall take avoiding action. • Every vessel which hears the fog signal of another shall reduce speed to the minimum at which it can be kept on course. It shall if necessary take all way off and, in any event, navigate with extreme caution. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  49. Lights and Shapes(Rules 20-31) • 20-22 - General • 23 - Power-driven Vessels Underway • 24 - Towing and Pushing • 25 - Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars • 26 - Fishing Vessels • 27 – Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver • 28 – Vessels Constrained by Their Draft • 29 – Pilot Vessels • 30 – Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground • 31 – Seaplanes Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

  50. Application(Rule 20) • Same for Intl and Inland • Rules (20-31) shall be complied with in all weathers • The rules concerning lights apply from sunset to sunrise and periods of reduced visibility • No other lights shall be shown, except such lights as cannot be mistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out. • The rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day. Able Requirement 14 - Rules of the Road

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