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The Birth of Psychotherapy

The Birth of Psychotherapy. Theories of Psychotherapy In Context – Antioch University Tina Panteleakos, M.A. Guest Lecturer 10/6/04. First, a brief history…. Prescientific Psychology Conjecturers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle Scholars

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The Birth of Psychotherapy

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  1. The Birth of Psychotherapy Theories of Psychotherapy In Context – Antioch University Tina Panteleakos, M.A. Guest Lecturer 10/6/04

  2. First, a brief history… • Prescientific Psychology • Conjecturers • Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle • Scholars • The Hellenists, the Epicureans, Galen, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas • Protopsychologists • Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, Berkeley, Kant • Physicalists • Mesmer, Gall, Weber, etc.

  3. William Wundt • Conducted the first psychological experiment in 1879 • Restored the study of conscious mental processes to psychology; he did not reject introspection • He personally trained future leading psychologists

  4. William James • Considered one of the greatest American psychologists • He never took a course in psychology and didn’t like to label himself such (“The first lecture in psychology I ever heard was the first I ever gave”) • Wrote Principles of Psychology • He had great expectations for psychology; he introduced experimental psychology to America

  5. Introducing Sigmund Freud, as himself… • University of Vienna Medical School • Envisioned himself as Dr. Freud, Neurologist in Private Practice • Experimented with and prescribed cocaine in his mid to late twenties, but gave it up when he witnessed consequences of addiction • Age 26, Freud learned about Bertha Pappenheim (aka “Anna O.”) from Josef Breuer • Treated/hypnotized patients with hysteria; co-authored Studies on Hysteria in 1895 • Video: Biography of Freud

  6. Psychoanalysis: The Talking Cure • Baroness Fanny Moser (aka Frau Emmy von N.) was the first patient • Freud asked her to recall traumatic event that initiated her symptoms • She would yammer on…stating [Freud] needed to let her tell him what she had to say • FREE ASSOCIATION was found to be an effective route to ‘hidden’ memories and psychological insight

  7. Psychoanalysis, continued • Patients who engaged in psychoanalysis/free association experienced relief from symptoms • Freud recognized repressed memories were more difficult to share when they involved shame, self-reproach, and emotional pain (RESISTANCE) • TRANSFERANCE cannot be avoided – dealing with it is difficult, but it is an essential step in breaking through the resistance & understanding unconscious motives • Freud termed focusing on associations and discovering their meanings “psychoanalysis”

  8. “We must not forget that the analytic relationship is based on a love of truth – that is, on a recognition of reality – and that it precludes any kind of sham or deceit.” -Freud • Three subsystems of the human personality • ID: a blind striving toward biological satisfaction that follows the pleasure principle • EGO: a system of reactions that tries to reconcile id-derived needs with the actualities of the world (reality principle) • SUPEREGO: represents the internalized rules of the parents and punishes deviations by feelings of guilt

  9. Major Ego Defense Mechanisms • Projection • You think someone else has your thought or feeling (“That professor hates me. That student hates the professor.”) • Displacement • You redirect your feelings to another target…(“I hate that…that secretary.”) • Rationalization • You come up with various explanations to justify the situation while denying your feelings (“He’s so critical because he’s trying to help us do our best.”)

  10. Major Defense Mechanisms (against anxiety-producing internal conflicts) • Denial • You completely reject the thought or feeling (“I’m not angry with him!”) • Suppression • You are vaguely aware of the though or feeling, but try to hide it (“I’m going to try to be nice to him.”) • Reaction Formation • You turn the feeling into its opposite (“I think he’s really great!”

  11. Major Ego Defense Mechanisms • Intellectualization • A type of rationalization, only more intellectualized (“This situation reminds me of how Nietzsche said that anger is ontological despair.”) • Undoing • You try to reverse or undo your feeling by DOING something that indicates the opposite feeling. It may be an “apology” for the feeling you find unacceptable within yourself. (“I think I’ll give that professor an apple.”)

  12. Major Ego Defense Mechanisms • Isolation of affect • You “think” the feeling but don’t really feel it. (“I guess I’m angry with her…sort of…”) • Regression • You revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate your feeling (“Let’s shoot spitballs at the guest lecturer!”) • Sublimation • You redirect the feeling into a socially productive activity (“I’m going to write a poem about anger”)

  13. Psychosexual Development • Freud was the first to propose a developmental stage sequence model • Sexual and aggressive drives propel the individual toward growth • Unresolved issues remain on an unconscious level and must be worked out before the individual can move beyond fixation (developmental arrest)

  14. Psychosexual Development • Throughout development, the libido becomes focused upon five distinct patterns of pleasure seeking • Early life events (especially events which challenge one’s view of the world as just, the world as safe, or the self as invulnerable) can interfere with psychosexual development and predispose the individual to long-term maladjustment

  15. Psychosexual Development • Fixations result from failures to satisfy normal developmental demands – or unresolved emotional problems which may lead to developmental arrest

  16. Stages of Psychosexual Development ORAL[0-1 YR.] PLEASURE SEEKING FOCUSES ON ORAL ACTIVITY, SUCH AS SUCKING, FEEDING, BITING: CONFLICT ARISES WHEN THE CHILD IS WEANED ISSUES: HABITUAL ORAL ACTIVITY: ALCOHOLISM, NAIL BITING, SMOKING, OVEREATING

  17. Stages of Psychosexual Development ANAL STAGE [1-3YRS.]: FOCUS OF LIBIDINAL ACTIVITY IS TRANSFERRED TO THE ELIMINATION OF FECES • IN TOILET TRAINING, THE INFANT IS CHALLENGED TO CONTROL A NATURAL REFLEXIVE BODILY FUNCTION • THOSE WITH ANXIETY AROUND THIS STAGE MAY REACT WITH AGGRESSIVE DEFIANCE OR WITH ATTEMPTS AT EXCESSIVE OVER- CONTROL

  18. Stages of Psychosexual Development PHALLIC STAGE [3-6YRS.]:EROTIC SELF-STIMULATION OR MASTURBATION BECOMES THE FIRST SEXUAL FORM OF LIBIDINOUS ACTIVITY ISSUES: COMPETITIVENESS, ASSERTIVENESS, ACHIEVEMENT, AMBITION OEDIPUS COMPLEX: YOUNG BOY FEELS SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO HIS MOTHER AND PERCEIVES FATHER AS A HOSTILE RIVAL FOR HER AFFECTION- LEADING TO CASTRATION ANXIETY ELECTRA COMPLEX: CORRELATE FOR YOUNG GIRLS & THEIR FATHERS, THOUGHT TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH PENIS ENVY

  19. Stages of Psychosexual Development LATENCY STAGE [6-12 YRS.]: LIBIDINAL ACTIVITY IS REPRESSED, WHILE CHILD'S INTERESTS TURN TO DEVELOPING SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ISSUES: FOCUS ON INDUSTRY, MOVE TO SOCIAL ORIENTATION, DEVELOP VALUES AND BASIC SKILLS, EXPANDING WORLD

  20. Stages of Psychosexual Development GENITAL STAGE [12-18 YRS.]: • ONSET OF PUBERTY- SEXUAL INTERESTS RE-EMERGE AND ARE DIRECTED TOWARD MORE MATURE SEXUAL ACTIVITY ISSUES: COMPETITIVENESS, DEFENSIVENESS, ACHIEVEMENT, SECURITY. SEXUAL MATURITY: LOVE ASSUMES A GIVING RATHER THAN RECEIVING QUALITY

  21. 1.IMPROVED INSIGHT RESULTS IN SYMPTOM RELIEF? WHY AM I UNHAPPY OR STUCK? 2. ANALYTIC ATTITUDE: NEUTRALITY, OPENNESS, DESIRE TO HELP, USE OF INTERPRETATION, CREATE SAFE PATIENT ATMOSPHERE 3. FREE ASSOCIATION: PATIENT REVEALS ANY THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, MEMORIES, IMPULSES THAT COME TO MIND- TO REVEAL IMPORTANT UNCONSCIOUS MATERIAL 4. INTERPRET POSSIBLE MEANINGS EXPRESSED IN PATIENT'S STREAM OF THOUGHT. 5. DREAM INTERPRETATION: TECHNIQUE FOR UNCOVERING UNCONSCIOUS FEELINGS AND DESIRES 6. TRANSFERENCE: PATIENT REDIRECTS FEELINGS HELD FOR IMPORTANT FIGURES TOWARD THE THERAPIST 7. COUNTERTRANSFERENCE: FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES OF THE ANALYST TOWARD THE PATIENT 8. RESISTANCE: STRUGGLE AGAINST SELF-AWARENESS, UNCONSCIOUS ROOTS OF BEHAVIOR ARE PAINFUL TO ACKNOWLEDGE- SYMPTOMS PROVIDE SOME KIND OF RELIEF TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: THE FIRST MODERN FORM OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

  22. FREUD’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD 1. INFLUENCED PSYCHOLOGY, AND THE WORLD 3. OVERCAME INHIBITIONS OF HIS OWN LOGIC AND THEORY 4. DISCOVERED SOLUTIONS FOR MANY HUMAN PROBLEMS 5. EMPHASIZED HARMONY AND BALANCE WITHIN THE SELF 6. REMAINED OPEN TO NEW INSIGHTS AND EXPLANATIONS FOR MENTAL DISORDERS 7. FIRST TO IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL DISORDERS AND THE FORMATION OF SYMPTOMS

  23. Questions… • How did the ideals of European Victorian society influence Freud’s theories? • What are the strengths and limitations of Freudian psychoanalysis? • How can these concepts help you understand your clients? • How do your values and cultural experiences influence your perspective on this theory?

  24. “Psychoanalysis is in essence a cure through love.” --Freud in a letter to Jung

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