History 1800 to 1810

1. History 1800 - 1810 Anders Dernback Text Wikipedia What happend 1800-1810

2. Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He previously served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was a proponent of democracy, republicanism, and individual rights, motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level. During the American Revolution, he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration, drafted the law for religious freedom as a Virginia legislator, and served as the second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781, during the American Revolutionary War. He became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently, the nation's first secretary of state under President George Washington from 1790 to 1793.

3. World population approaches the 1 billion milestone which it will attain in 1802. The population distribution by region: Africa: 107,000,000 Asia: 635,000,000 China: 300–400,000,000 Europe: 203,000,000 Latin America: 24,000,000 Northern America: 7,000,000 Oceania: 2,000,000 February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority. March 17 – The British Royal Navy ship of the line, HMS Queen Charlotte (1790), catches fire off the coast of Capraia, with the loss of 673 lives. March 20 – Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society of London. March 26 – British Royal Navy officer Henry Waterhouse first charts the Antipodes Islands. Napoleon Bonapart Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.

4. February 7 – A public plebiscite in France confirms Napoleon as First Consul, by a substantial majority. A referendum ratifying the constitution of the French consulate was held in February 1800. 53.74% of voters abstained. The official results, as announced by Lucien Bonaparte, Minister of the Interior and brother of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, were 99.9% in favor of the new constitution. However, academics have claimed that Lucien massaged the votes in favor of the constitution, alleging that only 1,550,000 Frenchmen voted for the change. Napoléon Bonaparte 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars.

5. Alessandro Volta, 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power. who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. Volta also drew admiration from Napoleon Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the Institute of France to demonstrate his invention to the members of the Institute. Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor throughout his life and he was conferred numerous honours by him. Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students. Despite his professional success, Volta tended to be a person inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years. At this time he tended to live secluded from public life and more for the sake of his family until his eventual death in 1827 from a series of illnesses which began in 1823. The SI unit of electric potential is named in his honour as the volt. Volta was born in Como, a town in present-day northern Italy, on 18 February 1745. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from the family of the Inzaghis.

6. March 17 – The British Royal Navy ship of the line, HMS Queen Charlotte (1790), catches fire off the coast of Capraia, with the loss of 673 lives. HMS Queen Charlotte (1790) HMS Queen Charlotte was a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 15 April 1790 at Chatham. She was built to the draught of Royal George designed by Sir Edward Hunt, though with a modified armament. In 1794 Queen Charlotte was the flagship of Admiral Lord Howe at the Battle of the Glorious First of June, and in 1795 she took part in the Battle of Groix.

7. At about 6am on 17 March 1800, whilst operating as the flagship of Vice-Admiral Lord Keith, Queen Charlotte was reconnoitering the island of Capraia, in the Tuscan Archipelago, when she caught fire. Keith was not aboard at the time and observed the disaster from the shore. The fire was believed to have resulted from someone having accidentally thrown loose hay on a match tub. Two or three American vessels lying at anchor off Leghorn were able to render assistance, losing several men in the effort as the vessel's guns cooked off in the heat. Captain A. Tod wrote several accounts of the disaster that he gave to sailors to give to the Admiralty should they survive. He himself perished with his ship. The crew was unable to extinguish the flames and at about 11am the ship blew up with the loss of 673 officers and men. Carpatia A map of the Tuscan archipelago, including the islands Elba, Capraia, Giglio, Montecristo, Pianosa, Gorgona, and Giannutri. The Burning of the Queen Charlotte of 110 Guns Lord Keith's flagship off the Harbour of Leghorn, in the Mediterranean, 17 March 1800. HMS Queen Charlotte Ordered: 12 December 1782 Builder: Chatham Dockyard Laid down: 1 September 1785 Launched: 15 April 1790 Completed: 7 July 1790

8. Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 premieres at the Burgtheater, in Vienna. Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 in C major, Op. 21, was dedicated to Baron Gottfried van Swieten, an early patron of the composer. The piece was published in 1801 by Hoffmeister & Kühnel of Leipzig. It is not known exactly when Beethoven finished writing this work, but sketches of the finale were found to be from 1795 Beethoven was born in Bonn, the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, which was part of the Holy Roman Empire. His musical talent was obvious at an early age, and he was harshly and intensively taught by his father Johann van Beethoven, who thought this would enable him to become a child prodigy like Mozart. He was later taught by the composer and conductor Christian Gottlob Neefe.

9. The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, various German monarchies and Sweden, though Prussia did not join this coalition and Spain supported France. The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. Their goal was to contain the expansion of the French Republic and to restore the monarchy in France. They failed to overthrow the revolutionary regime and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed. In the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany, Italy, while Austria was granted Venetia and the Dalmatian coast. Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing an interval of peace in Europe that lasted for 14 months.

10. The Library of Congress was subsequently established April 24, 1800 when President John Adams signed an act of Congress providing for the transfer of the seat of government from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington. President Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. On January 26, 1802, he signed a bill that allowed the president to appoint the librarian of Congress and establishing a Joint Committee on the Library to regulate and oversee it. The new law also extended borrowing privileges to the president and vice president. The invading British army burned Washington in August 1814 during the War of 1812 and destroyed the Library of Congress

11. May 15 – Napoleon and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the field artillery and baggage trains—(35,000 light artillery and infantry, 5,000 cavalry) begin crossing the Alps. He selects the shortest route through the Great St Bernard Pass, and invades after five days traversing the northern region of Italy. Napoleon passing the Great St Bernard Pass, by Edouard Castres The pass had entered history with the Gallic invasion of 390 BC. The last Gallic invasion over it occurred in May, 1800, under the direction of the 30-year-old First Consul of the French Republic, Napoleon Bonaparte. An Austrian army of 140,000 men had laid siege to French-occupied Genoa on the west coast of northern Italy. Napoleon traversed the pass with 40,000 men and ⅓ of their heavy artillery sending another 20,000 over three other passes as a diversion, intending to strike the Austrian rear. The panicked Austrians were unable to assemble fast enough to meet the French en masse but rather in a piecemeal way in June 1800, and so were defeated first at the Battle of Montebello and then at the Battle of Marengo. Napoleon prepared for the march secretly by assembling men in small units below the pass, establishing supply dumps along the lower part of their route, and hiring artisans to set up shop along it as well.

12. June 2 – The first smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at T rinity, Newfoundland. • Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980. The risk of death following contracting the disease was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind. • Trinity Bight is a large area of the Northwestern portion of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The bight contains the communities of New Bonaventure, Old Bonaventure, Trouty, Dunfield, Goose Cove, Trinity, Trinity East, Port Rexton, Champney's Arm, Champney's West, Champney's East, and English Harbour. This young girl in Bangladesh was infected with smallpox in 1973. Freedom from smallpox was declared in Bangladesh in December, 1977 when a WHO International Commission officially certified that smallpox had been eradicated from that country.

13. September 4 – The French garrison in Valletta surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta Protectorate.

14. In 1798, the French invaded the island and expelled the Order.[34] After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbor area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot, agreed to demolish the majority of the city's fortifications. The demolition was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact. Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway, which linked Valletta to Mdina, was officially opened in 1883. It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport. Valletta is the capital city of Malta. Located in the South Eastern Region of the main island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444, while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just 0.61 square kilometres (61 ha), it is the European Union's smallest capital city. Valletta and the Grand Harbour around 1801 Is a natural harbour on the island of Malta. It has been substantially modified over the years with extensive docks, wharves, and fortifications.

15. The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. The terms were later confirmed by the March 1801 Treaty of Aranjuez. In the 1797 Second Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain allied with France in the War of the Second Coalition and declared war on Britain. This resulted in the loss of Trinidad and, more seriously, Menorca, which Britain occupied from 1708–1782 and whose recovery was the major achievement of Spain's participation in the 1778–1783 Anglo-French War. Its loss damaged the prestige of the Spanish government, while the British naval blockade severely impacted the economy, which was highly dependent on trade with its South American colonies, particularly the import of silver from Mexico.

16. October 7 – French privateer Robert Surcouf leads the 150-man crew of his corvette Confiance to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British East Indiaman Kent in the Indian Ocean. Confiance, launched in 1797, was a privateer corvette fromBordeaux, famous for being Robert Surcouf's ship during the capture of the British East India Company's East Indiaman Kent. The British Royal Navy captured Confiance in 1805, took her into service under her existing name, and sold her in 1810. Before she was sold, Confiance took part in two notable actions.

17. U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House). John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States. In office March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 Vice President Thomas Jefferson Preceded by George Washington Succeeded by Thomas Jefferson Abigail Smith Adams – 1766 Portrait by Benjamin Blyth On July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, Adams died at Peacefield at approximately 6:20 PM.

18. 1801 1801 (MDCCCI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1801st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 801st year of the 2nd millennium, the 1st year of the 19th century, and the 2nd year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1801, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and abolition of the Parliament of Ireland. Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the asteroid and dwarf planet Ceres. January 3 – Toussaint Louverture triumphantly enters Santo Domingo, the capital of the former Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which has become a colony of Napoleonic France. January 31 – John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States. February 4 – William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. February 9 – The Treaty of Lunéville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria. Under the terms of the treaty, Aachen is officially annexed by France. February 17 – An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.

19. 1801 March 10 – The first census is held in Great Britain. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million, with London revealed to have 860,035 residents. 1.5 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, accounting for 17% of the total English population. March 14 – Henry Addington becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. March 21 – Battle of Alexandria in Egypt: British troops defeat the French, but the British commander, Sir Ralph Abercromby, dies later of a wound received in the action. March 23 – Tsar Paul I of Russia is murdered; he is succeeded by his son Alexander I. April–June April 2 – War of the Second Coalition – First Battle of Copenhagen: The British Royal Navy, under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, forces the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy to accept an armistice. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson leads the main attack, deliberately disregarding his commander's signal to withdraw. He is created a Viscount on May 19; Denmark-Norway is forced to withdraw from the Second League of Armed Neutrality. April 21 – Ranjit Singh is invested, as Maharaja of Punjab. May 6 – French Revolutionary Wars – Action of 6 May 1801 off Barcelona: British Royal Navy brig HMS Speedy, although outmanned and outgunned, captures 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo. May 10 – The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.

20. 1801 June 7 – War of the Oranges ends: Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz; Portugal loses the city of Olivenza. June 15 – A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrejón de Ardoz)[3] and injuring a number of other spectators. June 27 – Siege of Cairo ends: Cairo falls to British troops. July–September July 6 – Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet. July 7 – Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola, and nominally abolishing slavery. July 12 – Second Battle of Algeciras: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets. July 18 – Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII. August 1 – First Barbary War – Action of 1 August 1801: United States Navy schooner USS Enterprise (1799) captures 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single-ship action. September 9 – Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of the Baltic provinces. September 24 – Joseph Marie Jacquard exhibits his new invention, a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards, at the National Exposition in Paris. September 30 – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Alexander I of Russia 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. 19 November] 1825 was the Emperor of Russia

21. 1801 October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic. November 16 – The first edition of the New-York Evening Post is printed. December 15 – Hadži Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, by Kučuk-Alija. December 19 – South Carolina College, a precursor to The University of South Carolina, is established in Columbia, South Carolina. December 24 – Cornish engineers Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian demonstrate "Puffing Devil", their steam-powered road locomotive, in Camborne. The trial is successful but Trevithick realises the limitations of steam power in a road-running vehicle and turns his attention to rail, introducing the world's first steam railway locomotive in 1804. The first of a continuous series of censuses is held in France. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens. Philippe Pinel publishes Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale; ou la manie, presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals. Translated into English by D. D. Davis as Treatise on Insanity in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century. Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter. The magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published. The Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA) is founded within Freemasonry.

22. 1801 January 1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is formed. the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. It existed until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 and the later renaming of the country to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. The Battle of Alexandria or Battle of Canope, fought on 21 March 1801 between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby, took place near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Abukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Abukir on 8 March and Mandora on 13 March. Jane Welsh Carlyle (14 January 1801 – 21 April 1866) was a Scottish writer. She did not publish any work in her lifetime, but she was widely seen as an extraordinary letter writer.

23. 1802 January 5 – Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens, where they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece; the first shipment departs Piraeus on board Elgin's ship, the Mentor, "with many boxes of moulds and sculptures", including three marble torsos from the Parthenon. January 15 – Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. January 29 – A French expeditionary force (40,000 troops) led by General Charles Leclerc (Bonaparte's brother-in-law) lands in Saint- Domingue, (modern Haiti) to restore colonial rule, where Toussaint Louverture (a black former slave) has proclaimed himself Governor- General for Life, and established control over Hispaniola. February 3 – French Army General Charles Leclerc and the first 5,000 of 20,000 troops arrive at Cap-Francois (now Cap-Haïtien), to suppress Toussaint L'Ouverture and the rebellion of the black population in Haiti. February 17 – The remains of Pope Pius VI are returned to the Vatican by France; the Pope had died in captivity at Valence, on August 29, 1799. February – The Rosetta Stone is brought to England by Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who arrives at Portsmouth on the captured French frigate L'Egyptiane. March 3 – Ludwig van Beethoven publishes his Piano Sonata No. 14, commonly known as the "Moonlight Sonata" (Mondschein), in Vienna; the availability of the sheet music is announced by Giovanni Cappi in the newspaper Wiener Zeitung.

24. 1802 March 11 – The Rosetta Stone is presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London, which in turn presents it to the British Museum. March 16 – The United States Army Corps of Engineers is re- established, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York is established under its management, opening on July 4. March 25–27 – Napoleonic Wars: The Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas. April 10 – The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras. April 26 – A general amnesty signed by Napoleon allows all but about 1,000 of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France as part of a conciliatory gesture to make peace with the various factions of the Ancien Régime that ultimately consolidates his own rule. May 19 – Napoleon establishes the French Legion of Honour (Légion d'honneur). May 20 – By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon reinstates slavery in the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution. May – Madame Marie Tussaud first exhibits her wax sculptures in London, having been commissioned, during the Reign of Terror in France, to make death masks of the victims. June – The first account of Thomas Wedgwood's experiments in photography is published by Humphry Davy in the Journal of the Royal Institution in London. Since a fixative for the image has not yet been developed, the early photographs quickly fade.

25. 1802 June 1 The United States Patent and Trademark Office is established within the Department of State. At Huế, shortly before his conquest of Tonkin, Nguyen Anh is crowned as the Emperor Gia Long, the first ruler of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. June 2 – Indigenous Australian Pemulwuy, a leader of the resistance to European settlement of Australia, is shot dead by Henry Hacking. June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and imprisoned at the Fort de Joux. July 5 – Parliamentary elections begin in the United Kingdom, with voting continuing until August 28; the Tories, led by Henry Addington, win control of the House of Commons. July 19 – Éleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont chemical company, as a gunpowder manufactory near Wilmington, Delaware. July 22 – Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam. July 31 – William Wordsworth, leaving London for Dover and Calais with his sister Dorothy, witnesses the early morning scene which he captures in his sonnet "Composed upon Westminster Bridge". August 2 – In a plebiscite, Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as the First Consul of France. September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of the French First Republic. October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.

26. 1802 October 16 – The port of New Orleans and the lower Mississippi River are closed to American traffic by order of the city's Spanish administrator, Juan Ventura Morales, threatening the economy in the western United States, and prompting the need for the Louisiana Purchase. November 16 – The newly elected British House of Lords is inaugurated by King George III, who tells the members, "In my intercourse with foreign powers, I have been actuated by a sincere disposition of the maintenance of peace," but adds that "My conduct will be invariably regulated by a due consideration of the actual situation of Europe, and by a watchful solicitude for the permanent welfare of my people. December 2 – The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act in the United Kingdom comes into effect, regulating conditions for child labour in factories. Although poorly enforced, it pioneers a series of Factory Acts. Sara Coleridge (23 December 1802 – 3 May 1852) was an English author and translato George Romney (26 December 1734 – 15 November 1802) was an English portrait painter. He was the most fashionable artist of his day, painting many leading society figures – including his artistic muse, Emma Hamilton, mistress of Lord Nelson.

27. 1803 January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's Almanach des gourmands, the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris. January 5 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat", in Scotland. January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase. February 19 – An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons. February 20 – Kandyan Wars: Kandy, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment. February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III of the United Kingdom, and to destroy the Bank of England. February 24 – Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review. February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted, via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss. March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953. March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton. Charlotte Dundas is regarded as the world's second successful steamboat, the first towing steamboat and the boat that demonstrated the practicality of steam power for ships.

28. 1803 March–April – The franc germinal is introduced in France. April 26 – The L'Aigle meteorite falls in Normandy, causing a shift in scientific opinion on the origin of meteorites. April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase is made from France by the United States. May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England. May 18 – Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom resumes war on France, after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory. May 19 – Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt. June 7 – Indiana Territory governor (and future U.S. President) William Henry Harrison signs treaties at Fort Wayne, with representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25. June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it. The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane 'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mil (2,140,000 km2; 530,000,000 acres).

29. 1803 July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people. July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king). July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins. July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line in England. August 3 – The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War, against the Scindia of Gwalior. September 6 – John Dalton, British scientist, begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements. September 11 – Second Anglo-Maratha War – Battle of Delhi: British troops under General Lake defeat the Marathas of Scindia's army, under General Louis Bourquin. September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed. September 23 – Battle of Assaye, India: British-led troops defeat Maratha forces. The Battle of Assaye was a major battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War fought between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company.[4] It occurred on 23 September 1803 near Assaye in western India where an outnumbered Indian and British force under the command of Major General Arthur Wellesley (who later became the Duke of Wellington)

30. 1803 October 14 – Orissa, an area of India along the Bay of Bengal that now comprises the Indian state of Odisha, is occupied by the British under the British East India Company, after the Second Anglo- Maratha War. The Maratha Empire formally cedes the area in the Treaty of Deogaon, signed on December 17. October 20 – The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States. November 18 – Battle of Vertières: The Haitian army, led by Jean- Jacques Dessalines, defeats the army of Napoleon. November 30 The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and the Philippines. At the Cabildo in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo officially transfer Louisiana (New Spain) to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat. Barely three weeks later, France transfers the same land to the United States. December 9 – The proposed Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring that electoral ballots distinctly list the choice for President and the choice for Vice President, is approved by Congress for submission to the states for ratification; passed in the wake of the problems in the 1800 presidential election, the amendment is ratified by 13 of the 17 states and is proclaimed in effect on September 25, 1804. December 20 – The Louisiana Purchase is completed as the French prefect, de Laussat, formally transfers ownership of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to the United States, by way of commissioners William C. C. Claiborne and James Wilkinson. Claiborne is appointed as the area's first American governor.

31. 1804 January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever. February 4 – Sokoto Caliphate founded in West Africa. February 14 – The First Serbian Uprising begins the Serbian Revolution. By 1817, the Principality of Serbia proclaims self-rule from the Ottoman Empire, the first nation-state in Europe to do so. February 15 – New Jersey becomes the last of the northern United States to abolish slavery. February 16 – First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate USS Philadelphia at Tripoli to deny her further use by the captors. February 18 – Ohio University is chartered by the Ohio General Assembly. February 21 – Cornishman Richard Trevithick's newly built Penydarren steam locomotive operates on the Merthyr Tramroad, between Penydarren in Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon in South Wales, following several trials since February 13, the world's first locomotive to work on rails. February 22–April 22 – 1804 Haiti Massacre, an ethnic cleansing with the goal of eradicating the white population on Haiti. March 4–5 – Castle Hill convict rebellion in New South Wales led by Irish convicts in Australia. March 7 – In Britain: John Wedgwood founds the Royal Horticultural Society. Thomas Charles is instrumental in founding the British and Foreign Bible Society. March 10 – Louisiana Purchase, Three Flags Day: In St. Louis, a formal ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of Louisiana Territory from France to the United States. March 17 – Friedrich Schiller's play Wilhelm Tell, is first performed at Weimar, under the direction of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. March 21 – The Napoleonic Code is adopted as French civil law.

32. 1804 April 2 – Forty merchantmen are wrecked, when a convoy led by HMS Apollo runs aground off Portugal. April 4 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, aboard The Speedwell, sails to the Mediterranean. April 5 – The High Possil meteorite, the first recorded meteorite to fall in Scotland in modern times, falls at High Possil. April 26 – Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 10 – William Pitt the Younger begins his second term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois, and begins their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River. May 18 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate. May 21 – Père Lachaise Cemetery a 118-acre (0.48 km2) cemetery in Paris, France is opened. June 9 – Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 in E–flat premiered in Vienna. June 15 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective (subsequently vetoed by the Governor of New Hampshire). June 21 – Smithson Tennant announces the discovery of the elements iridium and osmium; three days later, William Hyde Wollaston reveals to the Royal Society that he is the formerly anonymous discoverer of palladium HMS Apollo, the fourth ship of the Royal Navy to be named for the Greek god Apollo, was a fifth-rate frigate of a nominal 36 guns. She was the name ship of the Apollo-class frigates. Apollo was launched in 1799, and wrecked with heavy loss of life in 1804.

33. 1804 July 11 – Aaron Burr, Vice President of the United States, shoots former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton during a duel; Hamilton dies the next day. July 27 – The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption. August 20 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery, whose purpose is to explore the Louisiana Purchase, suffers its only death when Sergeant Charles Floyd dies, apparently from acute appendicitis. September 1 – German astronomer K. L. Harding discovers the asteroid Juno. July 11: Burr shoots Hamilton.

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37. Duel with Alexander Hamilton Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the third vice president of the United States (1801–1805), serving during President Thomas Jefferson's first term.

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41. 1804 October 5 – Action of 5 October 1804: War between Spain and the United Kingdom is triggered by the battle between four British warships (Indefatigable, Medusa, Amphion and Lively) and four Spanish frigates (Medee, Fama, Clara and Mercedes), all carrying treasure and merchandise. Captain Graham Moore of Indefatigable informs Spanish Admiral Jose Bustamente of his orders to detain the treasure-laden ships and, "not receiving a satisfactory answer, an Action commenced La Mercedes is sunk and the other three ships surrender. October 8 – Jean-Jacques Dessalines holds his coronation as Jean- Jacques I, Emperor of Haiti. November 3 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed by Quashquame and William Henry Harrison; controversy surrounding the treaty eventually causes the Sauk people to ally with the British during the War of 1812, and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832. November 20 – Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, starts to rule. November 30 – The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias (he is acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805). Said bin Sultan was son of Sultan bin Ahmad, who ruled Oman from 1792 to 1804. Sultan bin Ahmad died in 1804 on an expedition to Basra. He appointed Mohammed bin Nasir bin Mohammed al-Jabry as the Regent and guardian of his two sons, Salim bin Sultan and Said bin Sultan.[4] Sultan's brother Qais bin Ahmad, ruler of Sohar, decided to attempt to seize power.

42. December 2 – Coronation of Napoleon I: At the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, Napoleon crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years. Witnessing this, Simón Bolívar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule. December 3 – Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the United States presidential election. December 12 – Spain declares war on the United Kingdom. Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on 2 December 1804 by Jacques-Louis David (completed 1808) Napoleon wanted to establish the legitimacy of his imperial reign, with its new royal family and new nobility. To this end, he designed a new coronation ceremony unlike that for the kings of France, which had emphasized the king's consecration (sacre) and anointment and was conferred by the archbishop of Reims in Reims Cathedral.

43. 1805 January 11 – The Michigan Territory is created. February 7 – King Anouvong becomes ruler of Vientiane on the death of his brother Inthavong. February 15 – The Harmony Society is officially formed as a Christian community in Harmony, Pennsylvania. March 1 – Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges, by the United States Senate. March 4 – Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term, as President of the United States. March 5 – The New Brunswick Legislature passes a bill to advance literacy in the province, which eventually leads to the creation of public education in what is now Canada. The Territory of Michigan was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from June 30, 1805, until January 26, 1837, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Michigan. Detroit was the territorial capital.

44. 1805 April 7 – Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, Eroica, has its public premiere at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna under his baton. April 27 – Battle of Derne: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (the Shores of Tripoli). April 29 – Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck is appointed as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, by Napoleon. May 26 – Napoleon is crowned King of Italy. May 31–June 2 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Diamond Rock: A Franco-Spanish fleet captures the strategic island of Diamond Rock off Martinique in the West Indies, from the British occupying force. June 1 – Tuscan-born composer Luigi Boccherini is buried in St. Michael's Basilica, Madrid, after being found dead on May 28. June 4 The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America. The first Trooping the Colour ceremony is held at the Horse Guards Parade in London. Detroit burns to the ground; most of the city is destroyed. June 13 – Lewis and Clark Expedition in the United States: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River, confirming they are heading in the right direction. July 9 – Muhammad Ali Pasha founds his dynasty in Egypt. July 26 – An earthquake kills 5,573 people in Molise and Campania, Italy. August 12 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: U.S. Army Captain Meriwether Lewis becomes the first white person to reach the Continental Divide, that marks the division between the east and west sections of the North American continent, crossing at Lemhi Pass.

45. 1805 August 31 – British Army General David Baird departs from Cork, leading an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope. Their ship arrives on January 4. September 21 – King Ferdinand of Naples signs a treaty in Paris, agreeing to keep Naples neutral during the war between France and the allied powers. September 29 – Admiral Nelson of the Royal Navy takes command of the fleet off of the coast of Cadiz, in order to counteract the navies of France and Spain. October 14 – Napoleonic Wars – War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign – Battle of Elchingen: An Austrian corps under Johann von Riesch is defeated by Marshal Ney, near Elchingen, Bavaria. October 16–19 – War of the Third Coalition – Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded. October 21 – Napoleonic Wars – War of the Third Coalition – Battle of Trafalgar: The British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain; however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot. October 31 – Sweden, led by King Gustav IV Adolf, declares war on France. November 7 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean. November 11 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Dürenstein: 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force. November 16 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Schöngrabern: Russian forces, under Pyotr Bagration, delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.

46. 1805 December 2 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Austerlitz: French troops under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force. December 26 – The Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria is signed in the Primate's Palace, Pressbury (modern-day Bratislava). December 31 – The French Republican Calendar (which featured a 10-day week until 1802) is used for the last time, 8 days after being annulled by Napoleon, with the final official date being "9 Nivôse in Year XIV of the Revolution The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) Painter Denis Dighton's imagining of Nelson being shot on the quarterdeck of Victory

47. 1805 Painter Nicholas Pocock's conception of the situation at 1300h The gale after Trafalgar, depicted by Thomas Buttersworth. In Cádiz harbour; the ships that the Franco- Spanish squadron recaptured from the British can be seen. In the centre of the image the dismasted Spanish First Rate Santa Ana, flying Spanish colours, is visible. In the distance other ships of the combined fleet can be seen in various degrees of distress, with some sinking.

48. 1806 January 1 The French Republican Calendar is abolished. The Kingdom of Bavaria is established by Napoleon. January 5 – The body of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, lies in state in the Painted Hall of Greenwich Hospital, London, prior to his funeral. January 8 – Battle of Blaauwberg: British infantry force troops of the Batavian Republic in the Dutch Cape Colony to withdraw. January 9 The Dutch commandant of Cape Town surrenders to British forces. On January 10, formal capitulation is signed under the Treaty Tree in Papendorp (modern-day Woodstock). Lord Nelson is given a state funeral and interment at St Paul's Cathedral in London, attended by the Prince of Wales. January 18 – The Dutch Cape Colony capitulates to British forces, the origin of its status as a colony within the British Empire. January 23 – Grenville succeeds his cousin William Pitt the Younger as wartime Prime Minister of the United Kingdom upon Pitt's death this day amidst worsening health, caused by the stresses of the Napoleonic Wars. February 6 – Battle of San Domingo: The British Royal Navy gains a victory over the French off Santo Domingo. March 23 – Explorers Lewis and Clark and their Corps of Discovery, having reached the Pacific Ocean after traveling through the Louisiana Purchase, begin their journey home. March 28 – Washington College (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. March 29 – Construction is authorized of the National Road, the first United States federal highway.

49. 1806 April 8 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais, adopted daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte, marries Prince Karl Ludwig Friedrich of Baden. April 25 – Rana Bahadur Shah is killed by his step-brother Sher Bahadur Shah in the late night meeting which triggers two weeks' long massacre in Bhandarkhal garden. May 30 – Future President of the United States Andrew Jackson fights his second duel, killing a man who had accused Jackson's wife of bigamy. June 5 – Louis Bonaparte is appointed as King of Holland by his brother, Emperor Napoleon, replacing the Batavian Republic. July 4Battle of Maida: Britain defeats the French in Calabria. The legendary ship The Irish Rover sets sail from the Cove of Cork, Ireland for New York. July 10 – Vellore Mutiny: Indian sepoys mutiny against the East India Company, for the first time. July 12 – Sixteen German Imperial States leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine; Liechtenstein is given full sovereignty, leading to the collapse of the Empire after 844 years. July 15 – Pike expedition: Near St. Louis, Missouri, United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike leads an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine, to explore the American West. July 18 – 1806 Birgu polverista explosion: A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta kills around 200 people. July 23 – British invasions of the River Plate: A British expeditionary force of 1,700 men lands on the left bank of the Río de la Plata and invades Buenos Aires. August 6 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire after about a millennium.

50. 1806 August 18 – English seal hunter Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands. September 23 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. According to one historian, their arrival comes "much to the amazement of residents, who had given the travelers up for dead. September 25 – Prussia issues an ultimatum to Paris, threatening war if France does not halt marching its troops through Prussian territory to reach Austria; the message does not reach Napoleon Bonaparte until October 7, and he responds by attacking Prussia. October 8 – Napoleon responds to the September 25 ultimatum from Prussia, and begins the War of the Fourth Coalition; Prussia is joined by Saxony and other minor German states. October 9 – Battle of Schleiz: French and Prussian forces fight for the first time since the war began. The Prussian army is easily defeated, by a more numerous French force. October 14 – Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena, while Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who is killed. October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti. October 24 – French forces enter Berlin. October 30 – Capitulation of Stettin: Believing themselves massively outnumbered, the 5,300-man garrison at Stettin in Prussia surrenders to a much smaller French force without a fight.