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CLASS AMPHIBIA Order Anura

CLASS AMPHIBIA Order Anura. Ca. 4750 species worldwide (the most diverse group within Amphibia) Cosmopolitan distribution (except where limited by extremely cold or xeric climates) High reproductive diversity Mostly external fertilization Few internal fertilization (e.g., Ascaphus )

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CLASS AMPHIBIA Order Anura

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  1. CLASS AMPHIBIAOrder Anura • Ca. 4750 species worldwide (the most diverse group within Amphibia) • Cosmopolitan distribution (except where limited by extremely cold or xeric climates) • High reproductive diversity • Mostly external fertilization • Few internal fertilization (e.g., Ascaphus) • Direct development • Few viviparous species Agalychnis callidryas

  2. Family Pelobatidae • 3 genera, 10 species (Holarctic distribution) • NA genera: Scaphiopus, Spea (1 genus in Europe: Pelobates) • Terrestrial, fossorial (sharp-edged spade on hind feet) • External fertilization Scaphiopus couchii

  3. Scaphiopus vs. Spea • Scaphiopus: Spade on hindfoot elongated, sickle-shaped • Spea: Spade on hindfoot short, rounded, wedge-shaped

  4. Pelobatids of Nevada • Great Basin Spadefoot (Spea intermontana)

  5. Family Bufonidae • 33 genera, 376 species • Cosmopolitan distribution (except Greenland, Australia, Antarctica) • Mostly terrestrial • External fertilization (except few genera with internal fertilization, viviparity, or direct development) Bufo boreas Bufo alvarius

  6. Family Bufonidae • Most species with paratoid glands (producing toxins; Neotropical genus, Atelopus, produces Tetrodotoxin, just like the Salamandrid genus Taricha) Bufo marinus Bufo terrestris

  7. Bufo alvarius • Largest western toad • Enlarged warts on hindlegs All maps found in this presentation are from ARMI Atlas for Amphibian distribution

  8. Bufo boreas • Usually rather indistinct white or cream-colored dorsal stripe • Lack of cranial crests

  9. Bufo cognatus • Large toad with well defined pale-bordered dark blotches, in symmetrical pairs on its back • Cranial crests diverge widely towards rear of head

  10. Bufo debilis • A small toad • Green or yellow green with small dark spots and bars on its back • Cranial crests weak or absent

  11. Bufo exsul • Small dark-colored toad • Extremely small distribution • White or cream below with dark blotches

  12. Bufo marinus • Introduced species from Central America • Large toad with deeply pitted paratoid glands extending far down sides of body

  13. Bufo punctatus • Small toads with flattened head and body • Paratoid glands are round

  14. Bufo speciosus • Medium-sized toad, uniformly warty, and with no dorsal stripe • Cranial crest weak or absent • Large inner metatarsal tubercle elongate and sharp-edged

  15. Bufo valliceps • Broad, dark lateral stripe bordered above by a light stripe • Cranial crests strongly developed • Deep “valley” down center of the head

  16. Bufo woodhousii • White dorsal stripe • Prominent cranial crest • Elongate paratoid glands

  17. Bufo microscaphus • Back usually without prominent dark spotting • Skin relatively smooth

  18. Bufonids of Nevada Bufo nelsoni Bufo boreas Bufo microscaphus Bufo cognatus Bufo alvarius? Bufo woodhousii Bufo punctatus

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