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social theories

social theories. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS. 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT LEADS TO MENTAL CONDITION LIFE EVENTS , CHRONIC STRAINS, SOCIAL ROLES. ASSUMPTIONS (CONT.). 2. CURRENT ENVIRONMENT MOST IMPORTANT 3. GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND RATES OF DISORDER

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social theories

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  1. social theories

  2. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS • 1. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT LEADS TO MENTAL CONDITION • LIFE EVENTS, CHRONIC STRAINS, SOCIAL ROLES

  3. ASSUMPTIONS (CONT.) • 2. CURRENT ENVIRONMENT MOST IMPORTANT • 3. GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT EXPOSURE TO STRESSORS AND RATES OF DISORDER • 4. FOCUS ON COMMUNITY POPULATIONS NOT CLINICAL CASES

  4. 5. DISTRESS IS OFTEN COLLECTIVE AND NOT INDIVIDUAL

  5. HISTORY

  6. I. DURKHEIM • SUICIDE (1897) • SUICIDE RATES VARY SYSTEMATICALLY WITH SOCIAL CONDITIONS

  7. CAUSES OF SUICIDE • 1. LACK OF CONNECTION TO SOCIAL GROUPS AND MEANING SYSTEMS - EGOISTIC (ALTRUISTIC) • 2. LACK OF CONSTRAINT OVER BEHAVIOR – ANOMIC (FATALISTIC) • FOCUS ON SOCIAL NOT INDIVIDUAL

  8. II. MILITARY PSYCHIATRY • LESSONS OF WWI • HUGE PROPORTION OF PSYCHIATRIC CASUALITIES • LED TO PRESCREENING OF ALL DRAFTEES IN WWII

  9. MILITARY PSYCHIATRY • HUGE PROPORTION OF PSYCHIATRIC CASUALTIES IN WWII • OVERALL 25%; OVER 70% FOR LONG STRETCHES • AVERAGE SOLDIER WOULD BREAKDOWN AFTER 80 DAYS OF CONTINUOUS COMBAT

  10. EFFECT OF COMBAT • HIGHLY PRESCREENED • NO INDIVIDUAL PREDISPOSITIONS PREDICTED BREAKDOWNS • WHAT DID? • LENGTH OF COMBAT BEST PREDICTOR • CAUSE WAS ENVIRONMENTAL NOT INDIVIDUAL

  11. EFFECT OF COMBAT • TREATMENT NEAR UNITS • 2/3 RETURNED TO UNITS WITHIN 2 DAYS • MINORITY MORE LASTING PROBLEMS (PTSD)

  12. MAJOR REORIENTATION • ENVIRONMENT CAUSE OF MUCH DISORDER - “EVERYONE HAS THEIR BREAKING POINT” • FOCUS ON ENTIRE POPULATION NOT JUST TREATED CASES • TREATMENT SHOULD BE IN COMMUNITY NOT HOSPITALS

  13. III. STRESS THEORY • AMBIGUITY OF “STRESS” • HERE: STRESSORS = CAUSES • DISTRESS = EFFECTS

  14. HANS SELYE

  15. HANS SELYE • PHYSIOLOGIST • STUDIED STRESS IN ANIMALS • STRESS RESULTED FROM DISTURBANCES OF EQUILIBRIUM - CHANGE

  16. SELYE (CONT.) • ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES – TEMPERATURE, FOOD, CROWDING • STRESSORS CAUSE PROBLEMS BY WEAKENING IMMUNE SYSTEM • GAS - GLOBAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME • ANY DISTURBANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM CAN LEAD TO GAS

  17. HOLMES AND RAHE

  18. HOLMES AND RAHE • MILITARY PSYCHIATRISTS • TRANSLATE STRESS THEORY AND WWII TO CIVILIANS • STARTED WITH SAILORS • MANY OTHER GROUPS • SRRS IN 1968

  19. HOLMES AND RAHE SRRS • STANDARDIZED SCORE • NEGATIVE - DEATH, DIVORCE, JAIL • AND POSITIVE - MARRIAGE, HAVE CHILD, XMAS • BOTH CAN DISTURB EQUILIBRIUM • FOCUS ON CHANGES • SUM NUMBER AND GET SCORE

  20. H+R LIFE EVENTS • RELATED TO BOTH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH (NON-SPECIFIC) • LESS THAN 150 - FEW HEALTH PROBLEMS • OVER 300 - 80% HAVE PROBLEMS • OVERALL MODERATE CORRELATION WITH HEALTH PROBLEMS

  21. CRITICISMS OF SRRS • IGNORES CONTEXT AND MEANING • ONLY NEGATIVE ARE STRESSFUL • WHAT IS CAUSE AND EFFECT? • NOT UPDATED • IGNORES DIVERSITY OF RESPONSES

  22. GRADE DISTRIBUTION • 90 – 100 A N = 65 • 88 B+ N = 17 • 80 - 86 B N = 75 • 76 - 78 C+ N = 21 • 60 - 74 C N = 64 • 50 - 58 D N = 11 • 32 - 48 F N = 4

  23. GRADE DISTRIBUTION • 90 – 100 A N = 45 • 88 B+ N = 15 • 80 - 86 B N = 69 • 76 - 78 C+ N = 36 • 60 - 74 C N = 65 • 50 - 58 D N = 20 • 32 - 48 F N = 11

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