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Tonga

800 AD: The earliest ancestors of the Tonga reached their present day location. early Tonga were farmers and fishermen who raised cattle and goats. ...

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Tonga

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  1. The Tonga and the Lozi Christine Ryan

  2. Tonga Location History Language Economy Society Religion Art Lozi Location History Language Economy Society Politics Religion Art Outline

  3. The Tonga Image 1: Malawi Flag Image 3: Zimbabwe Flag Image 2: Zambia Flag Image 4: Tanzania Flag Image 5: Tonga with missionaries

  4. Tonga Location and Population • The Tonga are located in Northern Malawi, Eastern Zambia, Northern Zimbabwe and Southern Tanzania. • Location called “Butonga” • The Tonga population is about 10 million, most of whom reside in Zambia, where they make up 10 percent of population. Image 6: Zambezi River Basin

  5. Tonga History • 800 AD: The earliest ancestors of the Tonga reached their present day location • early Tonga were farmers and fishermen who raised cattle and goats. • 1850: They were “discovered” by Dr. Charles Livingstone • They were living in small, scattered settlements • Had been raided by other tribes, including Kololo, Matabele and the Lozi • 1890s: split into three groups by BSA (British South Africa) Company, who were in control of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia) • Relegated to specific locations • 1964/1980 After Zambia and Zimbabwe gain their independence, BSA restrictions removed and Tonga people have more freedom of movement. Image 7: Dr. Livingstone’s map of Africa

  6. Tonga Language • The Tonga speak Tonga, chiTonga, Citonga • the 'chi' prefix means 'the language of the‘. • Different dialects for different Tonga groups • most literature written in English Image 8: A page from the bible in ChiTonga

  7. Tonga Economy • mostly subsistence farmers • maize (main crop) • peanuts • millet • sorghum • vegetables • Main cash crop is cotton • On the plateau, many farmers have large herds of cattle, tractors • Urban Economy • 40 percent of Tonga live in cities • Work in commercial and service industries • As the costs of transportation and imports go up, “traditional” crafts such as blacksmithing, carpentry, pottery and basket-weaving are revived. Image 9: Sorghum drying

  8. Tonga Society • Clan system • A clan is a group of several families connected by a common ancestor • Headed by husband • Matrilineal: descent traced through mother • Men • Build houses, hunt, herd cattle • Women • other farm work, pot/basket-making, child-rearing, marketplace attendance • Many Tonga women work in cities as domestic servants, shop assistants, etc. • Single mothers on the rise: laws treat widowers and divorcees unfairly Image 10: Tonga woman

  9. Tonga Religion • Mostly Christian, combined with traditional ideas • Christianity most likely introduced by missionaries in second half of 19th century • Visited 1850 by Livingstone, a missionary • Traditional Religion • creator god = Leza • venerate spirits of the dead and ancestors (mizimo) • Also worship basango: spirits with bigger influence (effect neighborhoods) • both mizimo and basango consulted on familial and communal matters by mediums • masabe: invasive spirits that attack/ posses people (Christian demons)

  10. Tonga Art • Skilled in basket and pottery making • Doors: now collected, believed to keep out bad spirits, carved from single piece of wood Image 11: Tonga Basket Image 12: Tonga Door

  11. The Lozi Image 2: Zambia flag Image 13: Lozi Children Image 14: Mozambique flag Image 3: Zimbabwe flag

  12. Lozi Location and Population • Most live on the floodplains of the Western Province of Zambia (380,000) • Others live in Mozambique (50,000) and Zimbabwe (10,000) • Over time, the Lozi have absorbed other groups (such as the Kwanda and Makoma) Image 14: Lozi territory

  13. Lozi History • 1600s: The ancestors of the Lozi, the Luyi, migrated from what is now the DRC. • They were led by their queen Mwambwa, abd then her daughter, Mbuywamwambwa, then her son, Mboo, who became the first king (litunga) of the Lozi. • during Mboo’s reign, expanded and conquered other peoples. • Early 1700s: The Lozi were unified by the fourth litunga, Ngalama • Unification was completed by Mulambwa, who ruled from 1780 to 1830. • after Mulambwa’s death torn apart by civil war between sons, Silumelume and Mubukwanu, who won • before Mubukwanu could reunite the Lozi, they were attacked by Kololo, who ruled from 1840 to 1864, • They were defeated by exiled Lozi leader, Sipopa. • 1890/1900: BSA Company takes over. • 1964: Zambian independence

  14. Lozi Language • Before 1840, the Lozi spoke Luyana. • Although the Kololo only ruled for 24 years, they had a lasting impact, especially linguistically • Now the Lozi speak Kololo, a dialect of Sothos, which is in the Bantu family.

  15. Lozi Economy • Mostly subsistence farming • Done with hoes, not plows • crops • Millet • Cassava • Sorghum • maize • Some fruits and vegetables (melons, beans, potatoes) • Livestock: sheep, goats, poultry, cattle. • Hunting, gathering, fishing also supplemental to lifestyle Image 15: Lozi Fisherman

  16. Lozi Society • Bilateral lineage with slight patrilineal bias • Polygamous • Head wife lives with husband, other wives have own house, garden, livestock. • Villages • Circular arrangement of cottages forming an open enclosure, sometimes used for cattle • Men: Responsible for livestock, hunting, most of the fishing, and the laborious agricultural tasks • Also responsible for extracting iron ore from riverbeds and ironworking • Women: most agricultural work and gathering, a little fishing, and domestic chores Image 16: Lozi women

  17. Lozi Politics • The Litunga is the overall ruler of the Lozi Kingdom • Based in Lealui • Junior kings, chiefs village headmen • Princess Chief: • Mulena Mukawe based in Nalolo • Rules over south • Various Councils check and balance • British replaced with a system of districts and provinces • Litunga, etc, retain title and respect but little power • Today, Litunga has no power • Zambia trying to forge national, not ethnic identity. Image 17: the current Litunga, Lubosi II

  18. Lozi Religion • Monotheistic • supreme being Nyambe • Diviners • Like doctors • Use frenzied dancing to cure patients • Respect for ancestors and past rulers • Burial • Men face east, women face west • Buried with possessions • After death spirit goes to “halfway house” • Must have correct makings and piercings. • Main festival is Kuomboka, the move of the Litunga from lower to higher ground during flooding of Zambezi Image 18: the most recent Kuomboka

  19. Lozi Art • Music, dance, drumming very important • Folktales, through song • Musicians perform at king’s court. • Drums used: kettle, friction, small tube-shaped, and war drums, marimbas, the kangomhbro or zanza, • String and reed instruments also used • In all ceremonies, including Kuomboka • Ngomalume is the royal dance. • Famous for hand-woven products • Baskets, mats, trays Image 19: a Lozi Basket

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