Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19 th and 20 th century) Christoph Mick

1. Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19th and 20th century)Christoph Mick Lecture 7 Imperial Culture and National Culture Week 9

2. Outline • Empires in Central and Eastern Europe • 2. Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) in the Austrian Empire • 3. Key problems of the Russian Empire in 1900 • 4. Russian Nationalism, Russification and Imperial Patriotism • 5. Conclusion

3. Outline • Empires in Central and Eastern Europe • 2. Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) in the Austrian Empire • 3. Key problems of the Russian Empire in 1900 • 4. Russian Nationalism, Russification and Imperial Patriotism • 5. Conclusion

5. Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million

6. Ruthenians (Rusyny) • Territory: East Galicia (Eastern part of crownland Galicia and Lodomeria), Northern Bukowina, Carpathian mountains (all part of the Austrian Empire) • Religion: Greek-Catholic (Uniate) • Vernacular: Ruthenian (west Ukrainian dialect) • Social structure: overwhelming majority are peasants • Elite: Greek-Catholic priests and a small stratum of secular intelligentsia

7. Options • Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione polonus” • Ruthenian option – “Rusyny” • Russian option – Russophiles • Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles • (Panruthenian option) – including Belarussians John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 109-64.

8. Outline • Empires in Central and Eastern Europe • 2. Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) in the Austrian Empire • 3. Key problems of the Russian Empire in 1900 • 4. Russian Nationalism, Russification and Imperial Patriotism • 5. Conclusion

9. Backwardness • Backward agriculture and danger of famines • Agrarian overpopulation and land hunger • Low level of industrialisation • Industrialisation and infrastructural projects financed by the state or by foreign capital • High percentage of non-literates • Weak middle class • Ineffective and corrupt bureaucracy (poorly administrated, lack of administrators) • Imperial overstretching • High level of violence – anti-Semitism and pogroms

10. Division of society • Estrangement of educated society and autocracy • Not very numerous but concentrated, and revolutionary-minded working class • Crisis of autocracy and land-owning nobility • Russian nationalism and national movements in the periphery of the Empire

11. Outline • Empires in Central and Eastern Europe • 2. Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) in the Austrian Empire • 3. Key problems of the Russian Empire in 1900 • 4. Russian Nationalism, Russification and Imperial Patriotism • 5. Conclusion

12. Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality/National Character Sergey S. Uvarov, Minister for Education 1832

13. Slavophiles Westernizers Panslavic Movement Russian Nationalism Imperial Patriotism

14. Panslavic Movement in the second half of the 19th c. Theory and movement which promoted unification of all Slavic nations Russia’s mission – to liberate and unify the Slavs from Austrian and Ottoman domination Formation of a Russian-dominated Slavic federation Pan-Slavism was never adopted as official Russian policy, but was supported by many officials and used in propaganda

15. Russian Nationalism Imperial Patriotism

16. Major Ethnic Groups in the Russian Empire 1897 (125,640,000) Russians 44.31% Ukrainians 17.81% Belorussians 4.68% Poles 6.31% Jews 4.03% Other ethnic groups in the West 4.47% Ethnic groups in the North 0.42% Ethnic groups Wolga/Ural 5.85% Ethnic groups in Siberia 0.99% Ethnic groups in the Steppe 1.99% Ethnic groups in the Transcaucasus 3.53% Ethnic groups in the Caucasus 1.05% Ethnic groups in Central Asia 5.69% Diaspora groups (1.43% Germans) 1.91%

17. Assimilation “Little Russians” Orthodox faith Attraction of Russian culture Upward mobility - chances Ukrainian nationalism Ethnicity and historical traditions Small group of pro-Ukrainian noblemen Ukrainian language and literature Partial coincidence of social and ethnic boundaries Ukrainians in the Russian Empire

18. What is Russification? Three varieties (Thaden) Unplanned: certain individuals take on Russian culture and language, takes several generations Administrative: demand by the Russian government that Russian must be used in administration everywhere in the empire Cultural: active policy that aims to replace a population’s native culture with Russian Edward C. Thaden et al., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914 (Princeton, 1981), pp. 7-8 Theodore R. Weeks, ‘Russification: Word and Practice 1863-1914’, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol 148, No. 4, December 2004, pp. 473-474

19. Outline • Empires in Central and Eastern Europe • 2. Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) in the Austrian Empire • 3. Key problems of the Russian Empire in 1900 • 4. Russian Nationalism, Russification and Imperial Patriotism • 5. Conclusion

20. The Making of the Russian Nation • Pro • Russian language and tradition of literate culture • Living in the Russian empire where members of own ethnic group are the elite • Common present • Orthodox faith • Common history • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on • Contra • Gap between culture of educated elite and peasant population • Late abolition of serfdom (1861) • Low level of political participation (autocracy) • Social conflict between land-owning nobility and peasantry • small middle class • Imperial tradition

21. The Making of the Ukrainian Nation • CONTRA • Ukrainian language not yet a fully developed “high language”, Russian/Polish available as alternative languages for higher education • Since 1667/1772 Eastern part has common history with Russia, Western part with Poland/Austria • traditional elites have become Russians or Poles • no uncontested Ukrainian state in history • Potential members of the nation live in different empires as non-dominant ethnic groups • Opportunities for educated Ukrainians in Russian Empire • almost no middle class • Different denominations • Politics of Russification/Polonization • PRO • Ukrainian language and literature in the vernacular since 1798 • Greek-Catholic faith in Galicia a barrier to assimilation by the Polish nation • Common history until the 17th c. • Social antagonism to Polish or Russian/Russified overlords • Cossack autonomy in early modern Europe and short period of independence • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on

22. The Making of the Polish Nation • PRO • Polish language and long tradition of literate culture • Influence in Galicia - here dominant-ethnic group since 1867, socially dominant in parts of Russian, German, and Austrian territories (landowners) • Roman-Catholic faith • Common history of most of the territory until the end of the 18th c. • Existence of a numerous, genuinely Polish elite – the nobility • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on • CONTRA • Partitions of Poland • Living in the Russian Empire, Prussia/German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. • No common present • Opportunities for educated Poles in the service of the Empires • small middle class • Policy of Russification and Germanization