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the automatic processor

Objectives . Describe the 4 steps of processingList the 6 main systems of the automatic processorDescribe the path of the film traveling through the automatic processorDescribe common film artifacts caused by automatic processing.. Objectives . List and briefly describe the constituents of developerList the constituents of the Fixer solutionDescribe the action of the Developer and FixerExplain the importance of daily processor maintenance.

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the automatic processor

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    1. The Automatic Processor Denise Ogilvie October 2007

    2. Objectives Describe the 4 steps of processing List the 6 main systems of the automatic processor Describe the path of the film traveling through the automatic processor Describe common film artifacts caused by automatic processing.

    3. Objectives List and briefly describe the constituents of developer List the constituents of the Fixer solution Describe the action of the Developer and Fixer Explain the importance of daily processor maintenance

    4. 4 Steps of Processing Developing – formation of the image Fixing – stopping of development, permanent fixing of image on film Washing – removal of residual fixer Drying – warm air blowing over film

    5. Systems of the Automatic Processor 1. Transport System 2. Temperature control system 3. Recirculation system 4. Replenishment system 5. Dryer system 6. Electrical system

    6. Transport System Film fed on feed tray in darkroom Entrance rollers grab film and draw it into developer Entrance rollers separate slightly, film passes between rollers activating microswitch controlling replenishment of chemicals When film completely in developer tank bell ring or light flicks on – safe to turn on light

    7. Transport System Orientation of film when placed in processor important- transversely along side rails of feed tray Transport system carries film through developer, fixer, wash tank and dryer

    8. Transport System Rollers Transport rollers – front and back positions in racks, 1inch in diameter Turnaround Assembly – 3 inch roller master roller Planetary Rollers surround master roller

    9. Transport System Transport Racks Support rollers and turnaround assemblies Can be removed for cleaning

    10. Transport System Drive Motor Electric motor & a system of gears chains, sprockets, belts and pulleys provide power & motion in transport system

    11. Temperature Control System Maintains developer, fixer & dryer temperature

    12. Temperature Control System

    13. Recirculation System Controlled by recirculation pumps that agitate solutions to keep them mixed to maintain constant temperature Circulation of water required to wash residual fixer (12 litres per minute)

    14. Replenishment System Fixer & developer levels drop as films processed system replaces lost chemicals Microswitch of entrance rollers starts replenishment pump – stops when film exits entrance rollers Placing films transversely stops excess waste of chemicals

    15. Replenishment System Typical replenishment rates: 60-70 mls of developer, and 100-110 ml of fixer for for every 14 inches of x-ray film (per 35 x 43cm crosswise fim)

    16. Dryer System Dries the film before its removal for viewing If not dry, difficult to hang on viewing box Consists of blower, ventilation ducts, vented dryer tubes & exhaust system Blower draws in air from room and passes it over heating coils Heated air enters ventilation ducts & dryer tubes & then blows over film Moist warm air vented

    17. Electrical System Electrical circuits to power drive motors and temperature control system Requires qualified technician to work on system

    18. Processing Rates Amount of time it takes a film to go through processor – ranges from 45-210 seconds Film manufacturers determine temperatures and replenishment rates

    19. Daylight Automatic Processors Enable film to be processed without need for darkroom Special cassettes Increase in department efficiency, no need for special darkroom staff Disadvantages – cost, mechanical breakdowns

    20. Daylight Automatic Processors

    21. Maintenance To maintain quality attention needed in 3 areas: Quality control Processor cleanliness Basic operation

    22. Maintenance Need to regularly monitor: Temperature of developer Replenishment of film area Speed of development cycle (dwell time) Film drying temperature

    23. Maintenance Areas of concern: Oxidation build up on gears, rollers, tanks Crossover guides – wash daily Algae build up in wash tank – wash weekly Dirt and dust build up in dryer Structural frame, panels & lid Entry & feed tray area- clean feed tray Oxidisation build up in replenisher tanks

    24. Daily Check Up Before starting: Remove lid, check chemistry levels Shut wash tank water valve, stand pipe in Turn on water to desired flow rate Check for seized rollers (water to free) Power on Observe agitation and replenisher pumps operating Wait for developer temperature to reach set point

    25. QC Daily QC performed and recorded. This process will be discussed in full next year

    26. Developer

    27. Fixer

    28. Processor Faults Longitudinal Scratches - ? Guide plates in the racks Pie Lines – marks caused by chemicals partially drying on rollers – marks at repeated intervals equal to diameter if roller White or black spots – breakdown of hard surface of roller Drying Marks – seen in reflected light – dull longitudinal lines in direction of travel – dust or dirt blocking air in drying tubes

    29. Processor Faults

    30. References Fauber, T, Radiographic imaging and exposure,1st edn 2000 Kodak, The fundamentals of radiography,12th edn Carlton, R, Adler, A, Principles of radiographic imaging an art and a science,4th edn Papp, J, Quality management in the imaging sciences,3rd edn Roberts,D, Smith,N, Radiographic imaging a practical guide,1st edn Shephard, C, Radiographic image production and manipulation,1st edn

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