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Oscillogram

?. Oscillogram. consonant. consonant. vowel. ?. Spectrogram. release burst. aspiration. vowel with low F1. silent gap. F1 rule. F1 Rule: the frequency of F1 tends to decrease with increases in tongue height /a/: F1 = 730 Hz /æ/: F1 = 660 Hz /o/: F1 = 570 Hz /e/: F1 = 530 Hz

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Oscillogram

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  1. ?

  2. Oscillogram consonant consonant vowel

  3. ?

  4. Spectrogram release burst aspiration vowel with low F1 silent gap

  5. F1 rule • F1 Rule: the frequency of F1 tends to decrease with increases in tongue height • /a/: F1 = 730 Hz • /æ/: F1 = 660 Hz • /o/: F1 = 570 Hz • /e/: F1 = 530 Hz • /I/: F1 = 390 Hz • /u/: F1 = 300 Hz • /i/: F1 = 270 Hz low high

  6. Spectrogram voiced stop voiceless stop high vowel: /i/, /u/?

  7. Spectrogram g o o d voiced stop voiceless stop high vowel: /i/, /u/?

  8. ?

  9. ? high intensity at high frequency antiformants “white” noise no release burst low F1 high F2

  10. F2 rule • F2 Rule: the frequency of F2 tends to decrease with backward tongue position. • /æ/: F2 = 1720 Hz • /e/: F2 = 1840 Hz • /I/: F2 = 1990 Hz • /i/: F2 = 2290 Hz • /a/: F2 = 1090 Hz • /o/: F2 = 840 Hz • /u/: F2 = 870 Hz front back

  11. Spetrogram nasal /ŋ/ fricative /s/ high front vowel /i/

  12. ?

  13. Spectrogram lie

  14. ?

  15. Spectrogram buy

  16. Spectrogram

  17. Spectrogram thy

  18. Spectrogram

  19. Spectrogram chin

  20. ?

  21. short answer questions Which muscles close the jaw?

  22. short answer questions Which muscles close the jaw? • masseter • temporalis • medial pterygoid

  23. short answer questions What is shimmer?

  24. short answer questions What is shimmer? • Shimmer means the variability in the amplitude of vocal fold vibrations.

  25. Systematic feedback resonator brain brainstem muscle cranial nerve cerebellum

  26. Systematic stroke Parkinson’s Multiple sclerosis ALS hearing impairment feedback resonator myo-pathies brain brainstem muscle cranial nerve tumour tumour stroke cleft palate cerebellum cerebellar disorder multiple sclerosis

  27. Dysarthria • a motor speech disorder • weakness, paralysis or loss of coordination • affects muscles important for respiration, phonation, or articulation • due to a neurological disorder • often associated with swallowing impairment (dysphagia)

  28. Dysarthria • Dysarthria is a broad term: • upper motor neuron • spastic (e.g. due to multiple sclerosis) • hypokinetic (e.g. due to Parkinson’s disease) • hyperkinetic (e.g. due to Huntington’s disease) • ataxic (e.g. due to cerebellar disorder) • lower motor neuron • flaccid (e.g. damage of the cranial nerves)

  29. Dysarthria vowel and consonant duration • difficulties with the timing of speech • often weak, slow tongue movements • durations are longer and more variable than usual • normal speakers: about 5 syllables per second; patients with dysarthria usually have considerably less (~3 syllables per second)

  30. Dysarthria Vowel formants • reduced tongue motion • the tongue positions of the non-neutral vowels are not reached • tongue position is closer to the neutral ə (schwa) vowel • reduced range of F1 and F2 frequencies • is perceived as a vowel distortion

  31. Dysarthria Formant transitions • slower tongue movement • slope index: measured in Hz per ms (frequency change over time)

  32. Dysarthria consonants • Fricatives and affricates are particularly difficult due to a lack of precise tongue control

  33. Fricatives • air is forced through a constriction • pressurized air becomes turbulent • turbulent air results in white noise (frication) • white noise contains all frequencies with an evenly distribution of intensity over frequencies. thy

  34. Affricates • one place of articulation in english: palatal • “ch”, “j” • combine the features of stops and fricatives: stop gap + frication noise chin

  35. Hearing impairment • no acoustic feedback • most frequent: distortion of vowels • imprecise tongue position

  36. Models of speech production system

  37. Models of speech production system model articulation phonation respiration

  38. Models of speech production • How does the brain produce all those movements that are necessary for speech production? • the brain controls every muscle independently (unlikely) vs. • the brain executes more complex motor programs for entire phonemes or even syllables (much more likely)

  39. Models of speech production • How can the brain adjust these motor programs if necessary (assimilation, coarticulation, speaking with a pen between the teeth)? • spatial target model: the brain executes motor programs that point to specific anatomical targets • acoustic target model: the brain executes motor programs that are optimized to produce certain acoustic features (F1, F2, etc.)

  40. Models of speech production • How can the brain produce speech that fast? • motor programs control many muscles at once • connectionist models (spreading activation models, parallel-distributed processing models) emphasize parallel processing: different commands can be executed at the same time (essential for e.g. coarticulation)

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