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Judaism and Early Christianity

Judaism and Early Christianity. The Judeo-Christian Spirit. The Judaic Tradition. Judaism preceded the Christian faith Great influence on Western civilization Monotheistic religion Old Testament--man’s relationship with God. History and the Israelites. Patriarchs David (c.1000-961 B.C.)

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Judaism and Early Christianity

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  1. Judaism and Early Christianity The Judeo-Christian Spirit

  2. The Judaic Tradition • Judaism preceded the Christian faith • Great influence on Western civilization • Monotheistic religion • Old Testament--man’s relationship with God

  3. History and the Israelites • Patriarchs • David (c.1000-961 B.C.) • Solomon (961-922 B.C.)Temple of Jerusalem • Babylonian exile (587-450 B.C.) • Aramaic, the Devil • Return to Palestine, Temple rebuilt • Herod d. 4 B.C. Diaspora, persecution

  4. The Hebrew Bible • Yaweh • Bible transmitted orally until 1,000 B.C • Torah-- instruction • Prophets--duty to God • Writings-- psalms, wisdom

  5. Book of Job • Apocalypse-- coming of the messiah: overthrow foreign rulers, restore glories of King David.

  6. The Rise of Christianity • By 400, Christianity religion of Roman Empire • Forgiveness of sins, everlasting life after death: Sermon on the Mount • Peter given the keys; first pope

  7. Jesus of Nazareth • Love one another, forsake material goods • Teacher: parables • From his death came the beginning of the new religious faith

  8. The Growth of Christianity • Paul (d. 64?) • Roman army sacked Jerusalem destroyed Second Temple.(70) • Gospels written after 70 • Christianity separate from Judaism in 2nd century. • Eucharist: Christ’s last supper

  9. Early Christianity • Baptism: a new beginning • Constantine: baptism before death • New Testament written in Greek • Paul’s letters followed by four gospels • Early Christians worshipped in catacombs • Catacomb wall paintings depicted religious scenes

  10. Christianity in the Late Roman Empire • Christianity’s equality before God was attractive to slaves and the poor • Art--blend of Christian figures and classical style: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. • Symbols--ikons: sacred images

  11. Constantine and Christianity • Constantine’s dream “In this sign you will conquer.” • Spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire • By the 5th century, the Christian church was the most powerful institution in the world.

  12. Christian Philosophy • Pagan philosophies: Manicheanism and Neoplatonism • Hypatia: killed by Christian zealots • Library at Alexandria burned • Eventually classical beliefs were synthesized into the Church’s beliefs. • Patristic tradition: Four Fathers of Church

  13. Augustine of Hippo • Christian soul always at war with itself. • Original sin • Rome’s sacking in 410 was blamed on Christian’s not doing civic duties • Augustine asked Christians to obey the state

  14. The Christian Empires:Rome and Byzantium • Grand new capital of Roman Empire: Constantinople in Turkey • Rome, sacked by barbarians went into decline and turmoil • Difference in the Christian Greek Church: Byzantine Orthodox and the Latin: Catholic.

  15. St. Peter’s and the Pope • St. Peter’s was built over the saint’s tomb outside Rome • Basilica-style structure for early churches • Narthex, aisles, nave, transept and apse • Rome moved to Ravenna; 476, last Roman emperor abdicated to the Goths • Pope supreme authority of the Roman Church

  16. Justinian and the Byzantine World • Byzantine Empire stable: Church under the rule of the emperor • Emperor Justinian, 6th century, reformed Roman law, fostered culture; co-ruled with wife Theodora • Commissioned the Hagia Sophia: Largest church in Christendom

  17. Hagia Sophia • Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus: built it in 6 years—rebuilt after fire destroyed it. • Domed basilica: rectangular hall with a dome in the center. Pendentive construction. Dome: 180 feet in height • Intricate decoration, mosaics, windows, gold.

  18. Ravenna: Showcase of the Christian Arts • Mosaic representations of Bible stories • Sant’Apollinaire Nuovo: Procession of Virgin Martyrs • Christ depicted as royalty--to please royal patrons • Decline of naturalism-- spiritual, symbolic representation

  19. San Vitale of Ravenna • San Vitale: truly Byzantine; central plan • Second story gallery for female worshippers • Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora • Royal power and Church power

  20. Christianity and the Arts • Struggle of early church against music and theater • Music, associated with paganism, banned from Christian worship • Vocal music: Chants: Gregorian chants (plainchant or plainsong) • Monophonic until the 12th century • Boethius

  21. The Christians and Theater • Actors could not be baptized • Virtually disappeared from society until the 10th century • Iconoclasm: Icons removed from Byzantine churches and destroyed • Struggles between the Christian faith and creative arts

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