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InRev1. The Apgar Scale. Score. 0. 1. 2. Characteristic. Heart rate Efforts to breathe Muscle tone Skin color Reflex irritability. Absent Absent Flaccid,limp Body pale or blue No response. Less than 100 beats per minute Slow, irregular Weak, inactive Body pink,
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InRev1 The Apgar Scale Score 0 1 2 Characteristic Heart rate Efforts to breathe Muscle tone Skin color Reflex irritability Absent Absent Flaccid,limp Body pale or blue No response Less than 100 beats per minute Slow, irregular Weak, inactive Body pink, extremities blue Frown, grimace More that 100 beats per minute Good; baby is crying Strong, active motion Body and extremities pink Vigorous crying, coughing, sneezing Source: Apgar (1953)
Height and Weight Growth During the First Two Years Height Weight 105 41.3 15 33.1 100 39.4 14 30.9 95 37.4 13 28.7 Boys 90 35.4 12 26.5 Boys 85 33.5 11 24.3 80 31.5 10 22.0 Kilograms Inches Centimeters Pounds 75 29.5 9 19.8 75 27.6 8 17.6 65 25.6 7 15.4 Girls Girls 60 23.6 6 13.2 55 21.7 5 11.0 19.7 50 8.8 4 17.7 45 6.6 3 15.7 40 4.4 2 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Age in Months Age in Months
Body Proportions, Fetal Period Through Adulthood 2 months (fetal) 5 months (fetal) Newborn 2 years 6 years 12 years 25 years
Percentages of Adult Weight • BrainBody • At Birth 25% 5% • 2 Years 75% 20% • 4 Years 90% 20%
State of Arousal in Infants State Behavior of Infants Non-REM sleep REM sleep Drowsiness Alert inactivity Alert activity Distress Complete rest Occasional twitches; irregular and intermittent eye movements Occasional movements, but fewer than in REM sleep; eyes open and close;glazed look Eyes open and scanning; body relatively still Eyes open, but not attending or scanning; frequent,diffuse bodily movements; vocalizations Whimpering or crying; vigorous movements; facial grimaces; skin flushed Source: Ferber and Kryger (1995)
Developmental Changes in Sleep Requirements 24 16 14 WAKING 12 REM SLEEP 10 AVERAGE DAILY SLEEP (HOURS) 8 6 NREM SLEEP 4 2 1-15 days 3-15 mos. 6-23 mos. 2-3 yrs. 3-5 yrs. 5-13 yrs. 14-18 yrs. 19-30 yrs. 33-45 yrs. 90 yrs. INFANCY ADOLESCENCE CHILDHOOD ADULTHOOD AND OLD AGE
MAJOR REFLEX REACTIONS IN NEWBORN INFANTS SURVIVAL REFLEXES: Serve obvious physical needs breathing sucking eyeblink rooting swallowing pupillary PRIMITIVE REFLEXES: Serve no obvious physical needs; may be vestiges of important reflex behaviors at earlier stages of human evolution moro tonic neck stepping grasping Babinski swimming
PIAGET'S STAGES OF SENSORIMOTOR INTELLIGENCE Stage 1: Early reflexes Birth - 1 month Stage 2: Primary Circular Reactions 1 - 4 months Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions 4 - 8 months Stage 4: Combines Secondary Circular Reactions 8 - 12 months Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions 12 - 18 months Stage 6: The First Symbols 18 – 24 months
Toys That Support Cognitive Development in Infancy 12 - 24 Months Birth - 2 Months 6 - 12 Months Mobile in crib Rattle Music box Squeeze toys Nested plastic cups Boxes with lids Soft ball Stuffed animals Pots and pans Picture books (especially cloth or cardboard) Dolls, especially large ones Toy telephone Puzzles (5 - 10 pieces) Vehicles (cars, boats, train) Sandbox, shovel, and pail Water toys (cups, funnel, etc.) Picture books with simple words
One-month-old Two-month-old Finish Start Finish Start
Phase 1 Phase 2 Reversal Shift Phase 2 Non-Reversal Shift R R R R R R Here, the infant must discriminate the dimension of color. Red shapes are rewarded but blue are not - provided that the child looks at the red ones. R = Rewarded In phase 2 with a reversal shift, the infant must still discriminate the same dimension, but a different value of the dimension. Color is still rewarded, but now it is the color blue instead of red. In phase 2 with a non- reversal shift, the infant must discriminate a new dimension in order to be rewarded in this case the dimension of shape. Triangles are now rewarded, regardless of color.
Evidence of Object Permanence in Infants HABITUATION EVENT: First, the child is shown an inclined track with a screen that can be raised and lowered. She becomes habituated to watching a car roll down the track, behind the screen , and out the other side. A TEST EVENTS "Possible" event: In one test condition, a toy mouse is placed behind the tracks, but is hidden while the car rolls past. B "Impossible" event: In the other test condition, the mouse is placed on the tracks, but is secretly removed after the screen in place, so that the car seems to roll "through" the mouse. C
FIVE ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE • PHONOLOGY: Sounds of a language • LEXICON: Words of a language • SEMANTICS: Meanings of words • PRAGMATICS: Rules for using a language in a social context • SYNTAX: Organization and grammatical rules of a language
Summary of Physical Development in the First Two Years • Cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions of growth • At birth the brain is 25% of its adult weight, the body only 5%. • By two years the brain is 75%, and the body 20% of adult weights. • Neonate is born with variety of reflexive behaviors. • Infant sleeps two times as much as adult. • Injuries claim lives of more children than all major illnesses combined.
Summary of Cognitive Development in the First Two Years • Infants are in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. • Concept of object permanence develops during this stage. • Cooing, babbling, first words and two-word sentences appear in language growth, up to a vocabulary of about 200 words.
