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1. History DO NOT memorize exact dates! (But remember general span of time)
Break into pre- vs. post-WW II parts
Watershed event is 1947-1949 adoption of Boulder model
3. Pre- WW II Events, contd 1916 Termans Stanford-Binet (translated, enlarged, renormed Binet)
1918 Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (personality) used by armed services; Army group intelligence tests (Yerkes)
1920 Rorschach (Swiss psychiatrist) publishes inkblot test; dies soon afterward; little early attention in U.S.
4. Pre- WW II Events, contd Psychology very assessment-oriented until 1920's, though Watson & Rayner (1920, 1921) published Little Albert case study (much questioned)
1935 APA sets clinical psychology standards: training, practice
1939 Wechsler-Bellevue test for adults; Hathaway & McKinley publish first Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales
5. Post-WW II Events During WW II officials foresaw impending flood of disabled veterans (including mental health), based on WW I experience
Veterans Bureau (now Dept. of Veterans Affairs) hospitals built, benefits created
Staffing solution: use psychologists
Training too slow, salaries too expensive to use psychiatrists
Few effective somatic treatments (barbiturates, shock treatments)
6. Post-WW II Events, contd 1942 Rogerss nondirective/client-centered therapy (only became well-known after WWII, due to low journal circulation during war). Importance:
developed by a (U.S.) psychologist
non-psychodynamic theory
shorter-term treatment than previously advocated
Rogers was a pretty rigorous researcher
7. Post-WW II Events, contd 1947 Shakow report for APA on training models. Two alternatives:
Scientist training
Practitioner training
No recommendation about which, or how much of each, to use
1949 Boulder meeting
Shakow pal of Max Hutt, military psycholo-gist with major influence on government role in psychology training
8. Post-WW II Events, contd Upshot of Boulder meeting:
Vague, hybrid scientist-practitioner model adopted
Universities will train students in research, give Ph.D.; mostly outside hospitals/clinics (usually VAMCs) will train students in practicum/internship
Universities started gearing up to quickly train many psychologists (around 50/year)
9. Post-WW II Events, contd 1950s Rapid employment growthVAMCs, hospitals, some clinics
1952 Eysenck review of therapy (in)effectiveness stirs up clinicians
1953 Phenothiazines introduced; state hospital populations gradually start declining (through 1970s)
1954 Rogers publishes first controlled psychotherapy outcome study
10. Post-WW II Events, contd 1957 Wolpe introduces systematic desensitization (a behavioral approach); Ellis introduces Rational-Emotive Therapy (a cognitive approach)
1963 Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) started
drugs got patients out of hospital, but they relapsed a lot
patients needed multidisciplinary in-community support (including psychologists)
11. Post-WW II Events, contd Problem with CMHCs: continuing mandate, declining funding
1965 Chicago meeting: University-based professional training model (PsyD, Doctor of Psychology) discussed, as Ph.D. alternative
1973 Vail conference affirms scientist practitioner AND professional models; a number of departments start PsyD programs
12. Post-WW II Events, contd 1970s1980s Growth of independence
hospital admission privileges
third-party reimbursement without MD supervision (psychologists sued to break up MD-insurance company monopolies)
1980s Explosion of free-standing PsyD programs; psychology departments drop them during budget crunches
13. Post-WW II Events, contd 1990s Prescription privileges debate starts; alarm about jobs and income in field
1992 APA new code of ethics detailed, restrictive
1994present Malpractice lawsuits skyrocket (boundary violations, failure to prevent harm, informed consent problems, quack therapies)
2001 New Mexico passes prescription privileges bill
14. Summary of Trends Boulder model here to stay in universities (98% endorsement)
PsyDs almost all from free-standing schools
Declining funds, rising training expense
Surplus of practitioners? Managed care + oversupply means decreased income
Universal licensure; no independent practice for masters level graduates
15. Summary of Trends, contd Replacement of doctoral-level psychologists by cheaper MSWs
Some states bring back MA-level Psycho-logical Practitioner who practices under supervision
More biologically oriented research, views
Ever-shorter psychotherapy; more cognitive, behavioral treatments
Lists of empirically supported treatments; practice guidelines in psychiatry, too