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Supplying and Using Energy (VCE Unit 4) Doug MacFarlane School of Chemistry Monash University

Supplying and Using Energy (VCE Unit 4) Doug MacFarlane School of Chemistry Monash University. www.electromaterials.edu.au. 31 Jan 2002. 5 Mar 2002. 4 Jan 2003. 10 Feb 2003. http://nsidc.org/data/iceshelves_images/. Science (2007). But how Really Serious is all this……. Larsen B.

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Supplying and Using Energy (VCE Unit 4) Doug MacFarlane School of Chemistry Monash University

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  1. Supplying and Using Energy (VCE Unit 4) Doug MacFarlane School of Chemistry Monash University www.electromaterials.edu.au

  2. 31 Jan 2002

  3. 5 Mar 2002

  4. 4 Jan 2003

  5. 10 Feb 2003

  6. http://nsidc.org/data/iceshelves_images/

  7. Science (2007) But how Really Serious is all this…….. Larsen B

  8. Overview Energy and Energy Sources - bio fuels - fuel cells - hydrogen - solar cells - batteries Practical/Project Possibilities Discussion

  9. Program 1 Electromaterials Synthesis and Properties Program 2 Energy Conversion Program 3 Energy Storage Program 4 Bionics

  10. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Bio-carbon fuels

  11. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Bio-carbon fuels Heating

  12. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Bio-carbon fuels Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  13. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  14. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  15. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  16. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  17. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  18. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  19. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  20. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  21. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (coal, gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Long lived waste Uranium supplies Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  22. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels CO2 release to atmosphere Long lived waste Uranium supplies Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  23. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels Solar CO2 release to atmosphere Long lived waste Uranium supplies Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  24. Energy Sources - Sustainability Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 1 Source Use Issues Hydro, Wind, Tide Land use Electricity Generation Automotive Geological Carbon fuels (gas, oil) Nuclear Bio-carbon fuels Solar CO2 release to atmosphere Long lived waste Uranium supplies Land use, Food supply, Water, Biodiversity Heating

  25. Brown Coal - The Joy and the Sorrow! • • Victoria has enormous resources • of Brown Coal • • Brown coal has a high water content • => significant quantity of energy used • in evaporating the water • very high CO2 emission • 1kg CO2 per kWh of electricity Coal mining in the La Trobe Valley

  26. Practical: Fermentation and distillation of alcohol BIOCHEMICAL FUELS…..Fuel from plants VCE Unit 3, Area of Study 2 point 6: biochemical fuels including fermentation of sugars to produce ethanol Four main approaches: - fire-wood! - ethanol fermented from sugar/corn syrup - food oils processed into biodiesel - wood pulp processed into petrol

  27. Green Chemistry • Chemicals and chemical processes • ………which are benign by design • Consider all inputs and outputs in a process • Account for whole of life of a chemical • (eg Estrogen pollution) • Develop new approaches • • chemistry in the microwave • • new solvents www.chem.monash.edu.au/green-chem/ www.naturodoc.com/library/hormones/estrogen_pollution.htm

  28. Fermentation and Distillation of Alcohol C6H12O6(aq) 2CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) Yeast Note loss of 2 carbons out 6 Distill CH3CH2OH(l) http://www.csrethanol.com.au/Default.asp Ethanol typically blended with petrol at 10% level

  29. Bio-diesel CH3OH CH3O Ester (biodiesel) • - Bio-diesel typically blended with hydrocarbon diesel as 5 or 10% mix • But: • rain forest clearing in Indonesia for oil crops contributing to Indonesia becoming 3rd largest producer of CO2 • - Nov 2007: UN recommending a moratorium on further development • of biodiesel activity because of impact on food supply • -

  30. Fuel Cells Unit 4 Area of Study 2 point 6 e- Cathode Anode (1/2)O2 + 2e- +2H+ ---> H2O H2 ---> 2H+ + 2e- E0(H+/H2) = 0 V E0(O2/H2O)=1.2V => Ecell ~ 1.2 V H+

  31. Fuel Cells

  32. The Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell NAFION membrane: -(-CF2-CF-)x-(-CF2CF2-)- CF2CF2SO3H http://education.lanl.gov/resources/h2/education.html

  33. The Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Where do we get the hydrogen from? NAFION membrane: -(-CF2-CF-)x-(-CF2CF2-)- CF2CF2SO3H http://education.lanl.gov/resources/h2/education.html

  34. Practical: Electrolysis of water Hydrogen - The Perfect Fuel! 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O • Burns smoothly • No carbon dioxide produced • But: • where do we get it from? • some available from oil wells • …..not enough • possible to make from methane • …. What’s the point!? • Electrolysis of water is best option • …. if we have a source of electricity! • ….or solar electrolysis?

  35. I Solar Water Electrolysis High Potential Energy Electron E(vs SCE) pH = 0 -0.25 +0.95 λ(solar) = 400 - 800nm E(photon) = 3.0 - 1.5 eV e- H+/H2 Band Gap Excitation H2O/O2 h+

  36. Hydrogenation Solar Fuel Solar hydrogen (Water splitting or Thermochemical) Energy content of H2 in a Hydrogen Storage Material = 19 MJ/kg Hydrocarbons Biomass ---> “sugars” Eg glucose eg. gasoline, kerosene Energy content 15 MJ/kg Energy Content = 48 MJ/kg Solar Hydrogen represents > 2/3rds of energy content of the fuel

  37. Chaudhuri et al Nature Biotech 21 (2003) 1229-1233 An Alternative; Microbial Fuel Cells

  38. R. Ferrireducens is a Fe(III) reducing microorganism that exists in anoxic marine sediments Consumes glucose in process C6H12O6 +6H2O + 24Fe(III)----> 6CO2 +24H+ + 24Fe(II) • In the fuel cell it can carry out this reduction with respect to (ie on) the electrode R. Ferrireducens

  39. The Glucose Bio Fuel Cell (1/2)O2 + 2e- +2H+ ---> H2O O2(aq) Carbon electrodes Load Nafion C6H12O6 +6H2O ----> 6CO2 +24H+ + 24e- R. Ferrireducens Glucose(aq) electrons

  40. • Effect of time and replacement of medium • Effect of various electrodes and sugars

  41. Solar Electricity Source NASA: Maximum solar insolation

  42. Photo electrochemical solar cells Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy)2 Indium/Tin Oxide

  43. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru dye Tin Oxide

  44. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  45. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  46. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  47. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  48. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  49. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

  50. Efficiency ≈ 10% Load Polymer Electrolyte I3- I - Glass Electrolyte + I- / I3- TiO2 + Ru(bpy) Indium/Tin Oxide

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