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Thinking and Language

Thinking and Language. Thinking. Concepts Hierarchies Definitions Prototypes. Thinking – problem solving. Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics?. Thinking- Insight.

Samuel
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Thinking and Language

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  1. Thinking and Language

  2. Thinking • Concepts • Hierarchies • Definitions • Prototypes

  3. Thinking – problem solving Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G • Algorithm • all 907,208 combinations • Heuristic • throw out all YY combinations • other heuristics?

  4. Thinking- Insight • Wolfgang Kohler’s experiment on insight by a chimpanzee • Rt. temporal lobe activity (jokes)

  5. Thinking • Confirmation Bias • 2-4-6 • Fixation • Mental set • Functional fixedness

  6. The Matchstick Problem • How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?

  7. The Matchstick Problem • Solution to the matchstick problem

  8. The Candle-Mounting Problem • Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

  9. The Candle-Mounting Problem • Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

  10. Heuristics • Representativeness Heuristic (prototype matching) Vs. • Availability Heuristic (Handout 10-4) (available information)

  11. Thinking • Overconfidence • Framing • Belief bias • Belief perseverance • Convergent vs. divergent thinking

  12. Artificial Intelligence • Artificial Intelligence • Neural networks

  13. Language Phoneme Morpheme Grammar Semantics Syntax

  14. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage able to discriminate Hindi t’s Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 months 10-12 months English- speaking adults Infants from English-speaking homes Language • We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the world’s languages

  15. Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage Babbles many speech sounds. 4 Babbling reveals households language. 10 12 One-word stage. 24 Two-word, telegraphic speech. 24+ Language develops rapidly into Complete sentences. Language Cute problem in speech development: overgeneralization

  16. Environment spoken language heard provides input to Genes design Brain Mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language Language

  17. Percentage correct on grammar test 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39 Age at school Language • New language learning gets harder with age

  18. Language • The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun

  19. Language • Chomsky • Language acquisition device • Transformational grammar • Surface vs. deep structure • Skinner’s theory • Linguistic Relativity (Whorf)

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