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The Nature and Prevalence of Learning Disabilities among the ...

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The Nature and Prevalence of Learning Disabilities among the ...

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    1. The Nature and Prevalence of Learning Disabilities among the Prison Population in Ireland Sean Carey, Michael Murphy, Mark Harrold and Mark Mulrooney

    3. Considerations Representative sample Individually administered assessments Prisoners perspectives Less than an hour

    4. Measures Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) Matrices (non-verbal) Vocabulary Composite Score: IQ

    5. Measures Wide Range Achievment Test 3 (WRAT 3) Reading Maths Spelling

    6. Measures Vocabulary subtest of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Strong correlation with WAIS-R Full Scale IQ score

    7. Measures National Adult Prison Study (NAPS) Demographic information Educational history Work skills Employment history Current education/training Imprisonment history

    8. Participants All prisons (14) Ten percent sample in each prison Random selection Consent procedures Refusals Confidentiality Total sample = 264

    9. WRAT 3 Results Spelling: 38% < 70 Maths: 45% < 70 Reading: 18% < 70

    10. K-BIT Results Vocabulary: 14% < 70 Matrices: 32% < 70 Composite: 28% < 70

    11. WAIS-R Vocabulary 34% scored < 6 Strong correlation with K-BIT Composite

    12. NAPS: Employment 22% had no employment history 38% were unskilled 5% management/professional

    13. NAPS: Education Left school: 14-15 40% expelled at least once 80% had never met school psychologist/counselor 73% could not recall remedial help 56% had not taken a state exam

    14. NAPS: Stories Nice or Mean teachers Primary to Secondary transition Multiple schools

    15. Less than 70 on K-BIT Younger Left school younger (13.5 v 15) Less likely to have had a job Less likely to have work skills Less likely to attend secondary school Less likely to have taken an exam Less involved in current education/training

    16. Key Findings Up to 28% of prisoner population meet screening criterion for general learning (intellectual) disability Large proportion have significant literacy and numeracy deficits Large proportion have a history of educational and employment difficulties Low IQ associated with difficulties in all areas

    17. Validity of Results High estimate relative to international studies (2-12%) Comprehensive, representative, random sample Valid and reliable tests Screening Literacy and numeracy results in line with Prison Adult Literacy Survey (Morgan & Kett, 2003)

    18. Conclusions and Recommendations Systematic process to screen and identify prisoners with general learning (intellectual) difficulties Adapt prisoner education/training programmes to meet special needs Training for prison staff

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