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Important Avian Diseases

Important Avian Diseases. CVM 6882. Overview of Important Avian Diseases. Additional Important Diseases. “Liver Disease” Paramyxoviruses (Newcastle) Adenoviruses Serratospiculosis (Mid-east Falcons) Salmonella Pasteurella. Aspergillosis. Chlamydia. Agent Chlamydia psittaci

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Important Avian Diseases

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  1. Important Avian Diseases CVM 6882

  2. Overview of Important Avian Diseases

  3. Additional Important Diseases • “Liver Disease” • Paramyxoviruses (Newcastle) • Adenoviruses • Serratospiculosis (Mid-east Falcons) • Salmonella • Pasteurella

  4. Aspergillosis

  5. Chlamydia • Agent Chlamydia psittaci • Other C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae (TWAR) • Character: Intracellular parasite • Infective form: Elementary Body (EB) • Reproductive: Reticulate Body (RB) • Infection: Aerosal, water • Incubation: Days to years • Zoonotic

  6. Clinical Appearance: Classical Psittacosis • Respiratory Involvement: airsacculitis • Leukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosis • Anemia • AST elevation, TP, bile acids • Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly\ • Fibrinopericardititis

  7. Avian Species Most Affected • Budgerigars • Cockatiels • Amazons • Macaws (most severely affected) • Love birds (endemic) • Pigeons • Not Cockatoos

  8. Psittacosis Treatment • Chlortetracycline Impregnated Pellets -- 45 day treatment required • Oral Doxycycline • Injectable Doxycycline (1/w) • Fluoroquinolones

  9. Diagnostic Dilemmas • Life Cycle of Organism • Stage of disease when sample is taken -- largely unknown • Latency -- may last for years -- no footprints • Variability in virulence • Sensitivity and Specificity of available tests

  10. Diagnostic Tests: 2 types • Antigen Capture • Antibody Detection

  11. Antigen Detection • Kodak Surecell: used on feces, limited supplies • Clearview -- lacks specificity, many false positives • PCR: increased usage (cont. Research) • Growth in Tissue Culture -- gold standard, cultured from tissue or feces • Special stains-- Gieminez

  12. Antibody Tests • Non-available for in-house testing • Grimes Latex Agglutination (he died) • Modified CF Tests -- variable • Numerous Indirect ELISAS • BELISA: direct ELISA -- many false positives

  13. Control in Breeding OperationsE.G. Commercial Cockatiels • Testing - PCR or culture; ( 10 - 20 pairs at end of breeding cycle or birds showing clinical signs) • Frequency: Year 1- every 3 months Year 2 - every 6 months Annually thereafter unless positive result Commence with year 1 after positive result • Positive case - quarantine, treat, retest 4 weeks post treatment • Cull and treat • Test and quarantine any incoming birds

  14. Avian Tuberculosis • Agents: M. avium, M. genovense • World-wide distribution • Chronic ganulamatous disease • Agent is an Acid-Fast Organism • Diagnosis is made by cytological examination of affected organs

  15. TB: Clinical Appearances • Chronic Emaciation: Liver involvement • Subcutaneous Granulomas • Diarrhea: Intestinal Lesions • Dyspnea: Pulmonary Consolidation • Paralysis: Osseous Tubercles

  16. Treatment and Control • Quarantine • Isolation • Depopulation • Antibiotics: not recommended • Isoniazid • Ethambutol

  17. Trichomoniasis • Agents: T. gallinae, gallinarum • Vesogenic, mesogenic, lentogenic strains • Introduced from Europe • Commensal in Columbiformes • Target: oral and pharyngeal mucosa, occasionally respiratory system

  18. Trichomoniasis Continued • Appearance: raised yellow-tan plaques embedded in mucosa, obliterating the choanal slite, palate or base of tongue • Transmission: ingestion of live flagellates • Clinical signs: difficult prehension, swallowing leading to debilitation

  19. Trich: Diffs and Treatment • Differentials: Abscesses, foreign materials, Capillaria spp., Candida • Treatment • Metronidazole: 30 - 50 mg/kg • Carnidazole 10 - 100 mg/kg

  20. Herpes Virus Infections • Marek’s disease - lymphoproliferative, neural disease • Duck plague - enteritis • ILT - chickens • Pacheco’s disease - hepatitis • Inclusion body hepatitis - raptors, cranes, and storks

  21. Herpes of Falcons • Falconid HV-1; closely related to Columbid HV-1, the latter being the source for the former • Clinical: • Lymphopenia • Acute Death • Signs of liver disease

  22. Pacheco’s Disease • Psittacid HV-1,2,3 • South American Origin • Cockatoos and Amazons die peracutely • Macaws die acutely • Conures (Nanday and Patagonian) incriminated as carriers, but ……...

  23. Management of Herpes Virus • No effective individual treatment although acyclovir will reduce death rate in an aviary • No vaccines available • Hygiene and Sanitation • Gyrfalcons and pigeons don’t mix

  24. Pox Viruses • DNA Virus -- many strains • Falcon Pox • Pigeon Pox • Fowl Pox • Peacock Pox • Canary Pox (most pathogenic) • High degree of host specificity

  25. Clinical Aspects • Transmitted by biting insects - virus can live in salivary gland for several weeks • Disease Forms: • Epithelial Crusts • Diphtheroid - Wet pox • Septicemic form -- Canary Pox

  26. Treatment of Pox • Debride or cauterize lesions • Control secondary bacterial infections • Selective Vaccination • Canary • Chicken • Turkey • Others -- see Ritchie, Harrison, Harrison

  27. Macaw Wasting Disease • Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome • Viral Etiology confirmed • Neurotropic • Myenteric Plexus of Mid g.I. Tract • Crop • Other neural tissue

  28. Macaw Wasting • Species: all psittacines, contagious • Signs may not appear for several months after exposure • Signs: slowing g.I. Tract, undigested seeds in stool, cachexia,, dehydration, death • No treatment, no vaccination • Aviaries: depopulate

  29. Paramyxoviruses: Newcastle (VVND) • Newcastle: PMV-1 • PMV2-9: PMV-3 causes mild neurologic signs in pigeons Clinical • Signs: • Diarrhea, respiratory signs followed by neurologic signs (torticollis)

  30. Budgerigar Fledgling Disease:Polyoma Virus • Highly infectious, stable • Causes • Budgerigar Fledgling Disease: peracute death with near 100% mortality in birds < 15d • French Molt: feather dystrophy syndrome • Polyserositis in other psittacines with bleeding syndromes

  31. Other BFD (Polyoma)

  32. Other Polyoma

  33. Polyoma (cont) • Diagnosis: • Feather lesions indistinguishable from BFD • Antemortem: Cloacal swab and culture • Postmortem: DNA probes • Control • Isolation of shedders away from neonates • Control feather dust and other hygiene • Vaccinate -- killed vaccine available

  34. Beak and Feather Disease • Circovirus Disease • Septicemia and peracute death in nestlings • Beak Necrosis,Feather Dystrophies, worsening with each successive molt • Endemic in wild cockatoos (Australia) • Also will infect New World Parrots

  35. Beak and Feather

  36. Beak and Feather (cont) • Diagnosis: Signs, biopsy, DNA Probes • No treatment, no vaccination • No spontaneous recovery; affected birds die from secondary problems

  37. Infectious G- Bacteria Chlamydia Mycobacteria Viruses: Herpes Adeno Polyoma Reovirus Trematodes (esp. cockatoos) Non-Infectious Aflatoxicosis Fatty Liver Iron Storage Disease Neoplasia Protozoal Toxoplasma Trichomonas Histomonas “Liver Disease”: Causes

  38. Physical and chemical Elevated AST, CK, Bile Acids G. I. Stasis Feather abnormalities Chronically overgrown beak and claws Hepatic Encephalopathy Clinical Weight loss Weakness Ascites Biliverdinuria Melena Coagulopathy Liver Disease Signs:

  39. Liver Disease Signs

  40. Liver Disease Treatment • Fluids • Hyperalimentation • Lactulose • Antibiotics • Doxycycline • Enrofloxacine • Metronidazole or Clindamycin • Other Specific Chemotherapy as indicated

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