IV Biennial International Workshop Advances in Energy Studies Ecology-Energy Issues in Latin-America June 16-19, 2004

1. IV Biennial International WorkshopAdvances in Energy StudiesEcology-Energy Issues in Latin-AmericaJune 16-19, 2004 ENERGY and SUSTAINABILITY José Tomaz Vieira Pereira UNICAMP

2. INTRODUCTIONEnergy • Energy • Ability to promote changes

3. INTRODUCTIONEnergy and Value Common sense about energy and Value • Some activities requires more effort (more work) than others. • The word ENERGY is frequently used to designate this effort. • The more energy is used to do the work more valuable it is.

4. THE EARTT AS A SYSTEM ATERRA COMO SISTEMA Look at EARTH from space To maintain the equilibrium the energy received must be transfered back to space.

5. Gravitacional Energy Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fusion Solar Gravitation Solar Radiation Eletro-mag Energy Non-renewable Stock Water Heating and Evaporation Solar Energy Hydric Energy Moon Movement Earth Rotation Biomass Fossil Fuel Geologic Time Photo synthesis Rivers and Reservoirs Nuclear Decay * Light Elements Wind Energy Waterfalls Tides and Waves Chemical Energy Nuclear Bound Solar Colector Fotovoltaic Cells Nuclear Fusion Heavy Elements Potencial and Kinetic Energy Combustion Eletric Energy Wind Turbine Hydaulic Turbine Nuclear Fission * Geothermal Energy Eletric Generator Eletric Equipment Mechanical Work Heat Ocean Heat Equipments Thermal Dissipation Thermal Machines Thermal Machines

6. BASIC SOURCES OF ENERGY • SOLAR ENERGY • GEOTERMAL ENERGY • TIDE ENERGY

7. ANNUAL FLUX OF ENERGY

8. ENERGY SYSTEM CONVERTERS CHAIN - MUST FULFILL THREE CONDITIONS • quality: • adequate to specific needs; • place: • be where it’s needed; • time: • ready on time.

9. ENERGY SYSTEM THE INTERDEPENDENCE WITH THREE SPHERES. • ECONOMIC • SOCIAL • ECOLOGICAL Must to be considered simultaneously

10. TYPES OF ENERGY • Work Energy (Hydraulic, Wind, Mechanical, Electrical, etc.) • High conversion coefficient for all other forms of energy. • Thermal Energy. • Low conversion coefficient for work energy

11. CONVERTING ENERGY INTO WORK • COONVENTERS EFFICIENCY: • Human being ~ 20%. • Horse ~ 10%. • Ox < 10%. • Thermal < 40% • Hydraulic/Wind < 100% • In the absence of exosomatic sources, Slavery is a more rational energy system.

12. SOCIAL SYSTEM NEOLITIC REVOLUTION • Fundamental change: • Time perception. To seed and wait for harvest at the end of agricultural cycle. • NOTE. Time perception is still a central problem for the human specie. • We have an immense difficulty to think, plan and do in long term.

13. THE SPREAD OF HUMANS

14. INDEPENDENT CENTERS OF CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT

15. ECONOMIC SYSTEM THE ROMAN EMPIRE • The paths of Roman power: • water and roads. • Slavery in a scale ever reached . • In the beginning of Christian era: • 3 millions of slaves. • 4 millions of freedom mans • The slavery represented a non incentive to development of machines powered by other energy sources than humans.

16. THE CHINESE MODEL • Endogenous human reproduction without slaves. • Integration between energy and farm work. • Great agricultural productivity: • Highly energetic cereal grains; • The men was the main source of mechanical energy. • Complemented by animals em water mills.

17. THE CHINESE MODEL • High productivity in agriculture: • 20 a 30 t/ha. • Medieval Europe 3 a 4 t/ha. • Great energetic ingenuity, mainly in hydraulic. • Canals, Reservoirs, ditches. • Ecluse (sec I A.C.) • Han Kon Canal(sec. V AD) the most ancient of the world. • Grand Canal - 1794 Km length. • Started 605 • Finished 1327

18. THE MEDIEVAL EUROPE • IX Century- improvement in food productivity and quality. Crop rotation. • XI and XV Centuries- Evolution of three big sources of energy • water, wind and wood. • Water mills and forges: • Symbols of technical changes – efficiencies between 20% and 70%. • Replacement of the human work (10 to 20 men). • Reinforcement of the oppressive social structure of the Feudal Lords

19. Progresso-Modernização-Industrialização • Alto consumo de energia fóssil

20. CO2 EMISSIONS

21. WORLD ENERGY COMSUMPTION

22. WORLD - RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWVABLE

23. World Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type1970-2025 Share of World Total Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2004

24. ONE POINT TO CONSIDER • Our immense difficulty with long term thinking • As we saw the Extinction of big mammals before domestication • Philip Ferside exemple (Amazon Forest) • Egydio Schwade exemple • The CAPIVARA sindrome

25. LAKE

26. CAPIVARACAPYBARA

27. TREE damaged by Capybara

28. SUCUPIRAEgydio SchwadePresidente Figueiredo - AM

29. WHAT TO DO? • May be what we have done. • Organizing Workshops • Sharing our ideas, concepts, perceptions • Trying to influence our Politicians and Governors • Working hard to demonstrate the correctness of our point of view. • BUT CERTAINLY THIS ISN’T ENOUGH

30. Bibliography • Environmental Accounting - Emergy and Environmental Decision Making - Howard T. Odum - John Wiley & Sons - 1996 • Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics - Michael J. Moran & Howard N. Shapiro - John Wiley & Sons – 1992 • In the Servitude of the Power - Energy and Civilization through the Ages -Jean-Claude Debeir, Jean-Paul Deléage and Daniel Emery ZED BOOKS- 1991 • Guns, Germs and Steel - Jared Diamond - W.W.Norton & Company - 1997