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Phonetics: the Sounds of Language

Phonetics: the Sounds of Language Lecture #3 What is Phonetics? Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language. A phonetician asks questions like: How many sounds are there? What is the best way to describe these sounds? Phonetics Phonemes Smallest discrete units of sound

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Phonetics: the Sounds of Language

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  1. Phonetics: the Sounds of Language Lecture #3

  2. What is Phonetics? • Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language. • A phonetician asks questions like: • How many sounds are there? • What is the best way to describe these sounds?

  3. Phonetics • Phonemes • Smallest discrete units of sound • Represented by transcription, not a spelling system /k/ What are some of the sounds (phonemes) of English?

  4. Phonetics • Phonetic Transcription • allows us to clearly, unambiguously describe the details of a sound system • International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) the most widely used system • International Phonetic Alphabet • one symbol per sound • one sound per symbol • contains over 100 symbols • can describe the sounds of all languages

  5. Transcription Hints • Transcription clues • Don’t transcribe silent letters or double letters! • Don’t be influenced by English spelling. • Remember that sometimes one English letter must be written using two IPA symbols and vice versa.

  6. Articulatory Phonetics Parts of the Vocal Tract alveolar ridge—bony area behind teeth hard palate—roof of mouth velum (soft palate)—soft area at back of throat

  7. Place of Articulation • Bilabial—’two lips’ (/p/, /b/, /m/) pat, bat, mat • Labio-dental—lower lip to upper teeth (/f/, /v/) fat, vat • Interdental—tongue tip to upper teeth (/θ/, /ð/) thin, that

  8. Place of Articulation • Alveolar—tongue to alveolar ridge (/t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /r/) tin, din, nine, sign, zip, lip, rip • Palatal—tongue body to hard palate (/č/, /ǰ/, /š/, /ž/) cheep, jeep, sheep, azure • Velar—tongue root to velum (/k/, /g/, /ŋ/) came, game, sing

  9. Manner of Articulation • Stops—airstream completely blocked (/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/) pat, bat, tag, dog, cake, gate • Fricatives—airstream only partially blocked (/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /š/, /ž/) face, vase, thin, those, sip, zip, shin, azure • Affricates—combination stop/fricative (/č/, /ǰ/) chip, gem

  10. Manner of Articulation • Nasals—velum lowered to allow airflow through the nasal passage (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/) mine, nine, sing • Liquids—airstream partially blocked, but without friction (/l/, /r/) lip, rip • Glides—halfway between vowels and consonants (/w/, /y/) west, yes

  11. Voicing • Voiceless—vocal folds are still (/p/, /f/, /θ/, /t/, /s/, /š/, /č/, /k/) • Voiced—vocal folds vibrate (/b/, /v/, / ð/, /d/, /z/, /ž/, /ǰ/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/) pay/bay, face/vase, thin/these, tin/din, sip/zip, hash/azure, chin/gin, cap/gap

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