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Chapter 3 Biomolecules pages 53-73

Chapter 3 Biomolecules pages 53-73. 99% of the mass of most cells is H, O, N, and C These are the smallest elements that can form 1,2,3 and 4 bonds. Required in grams/day Required in milligrams or less/day. Biomolecules are complex, but are made up of simpler components.

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Chapter 3 Biomolecules pages 53-73

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  1. Chapter 3 Biomolecules pages 53-73 99% of the mass of most cells is H, O, N, and C These are the smallest elements that can form 1,2,3 and 4 bonds. Required in grams/day Required in milligrams or less/day

  2. Biomolecules are complex, but are made up of simpler components

  3. Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids are the most abundant biomolecules

  4. Biomolecules are compounds of carbon Carbon atoms form 4 tetrahedral single bonds. Two carbon atoms sharing a single bond can rotate around the single bond.

  5. Two carbon atoms sharing a double bond are closer and cannot rotate about the double bond. The carbons and the atoms bound to them form a plane.

  6. Biomolecules are often made of carbon backbones with added functional groups, referred to as “R” groups

  7. Examples of functional groups

  8. Functional groups can have chirality The central carbon (a-carbon) is a chiral center

  9. Argininimide (colored) stereospecifically fitting within an RNA a pocket (grey)

  10. Taste receptors can differentiate between diastereoisomers

  11. Five main types of reactions in living cells • oxidation-reductions • cleavage and formation of C-C bond • internal rearrangements • group transfers • condensations- the joining of • monomers via the elimination of water

  12. Oxidation reactions generally release energy. More reduced More oxidized

  13. Reactions are catalyzed by enzymes in order to build biomolecules (anabolism, requires energy) and to degrade biomolecules (catabolism, produces energy). Figure 1-15 page 12

  14. ATP synthesis is the central goal of catabolism Figure 1-10 Page 10 Terminal phosphoryl (shaded) can then be hydrolyzed.

  15. ATP hydrolysis releases stored energy Figure 14-1 page 500

  16. ATP hydrolysis can then be coupled with other reactions to produce a favorable overall reaction . Figure 1-9 Page 9

  17. Pairs of electrons and hydrogens are often transferred in an oxidation-reduction

  18. Cleavage and formation of C-C bond occurs via nucleophilic substitution reactions

  19. Internal rearrangements occur due to sequential electron transfers

  20. Group transfers can activate intermediates

  21. Biopolymers are formed by condensations

  22. Amino acids, nucleic acids, sugars and lipids are the basic building blocks of biomolecules

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