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Advances in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology 1

This is part of a trainng course delivered by WEST project (www.westproject.org.uk) on SolarPV 'Buildings As Power Stations'. For more information or to register please visit: https://www.westproject.org.uk/content/solar-pv

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Advances in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology 1

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  1. Advances in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Technology:With Implications for Wales Gavin D. J. Harper g.harper@glyndwr.ac.uk @gavindjharper www.gavindjharper.com http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-6642 Regional Science Association International – British & Irish Section 43rd Annual Conference & Doctoral Colloquium, Aberystwyth, Wales 19th – 21st August 2014

  2. What is BIPV?

  3. What is BIPV? • The principle of BIPV is that PV modules are incorporated into the building envelope, substituting standard glass and other cladding materials. • This has the potential to result in environmental savings through reduction of duplication of materials and shared functionality. • It may also lead to cost savings over separate PV and building materials.

  4. How is it integrated? • Additional / superimposed • Added to the structure of the building with the primary function of generating energy. Sometimes referred to as ‘building-applied PV (BAPV) • Integrated • Components are replaced with PV generating materials that serve both purposes • Standalone • Solar PV array is discreet and separate eg parking shading

  5. Where is it integrated? • Façade • as part of the fabric or as an additional wall • Rooftops • sloping or flat • Glazing • integrated into the window requirement

  6. Why BIPV? For Wales and the wider UK

  7. BIPV – the global market • Navigant Research estimate the BIPV market to be worth $2.4 Billion by 2017 • They expect the BIPV total capacity to quintuple in the same time • Other sources (Accenture Plc) see the solar glass market alone being worth $4.2 Billion • New markets continue to emerge and existing markets expanding. Middle East is placing more onus upon energy and Far East is following close behind • As energy prices continue to rise and LEED and BREEAM become more mainstream (as well as Zero Carbon buildings), the appeal of BIPV will continue to grow. More mainstream BIPV will become more the norm and newer versions will help create signature buildings with their novel properties

  8. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 17) • While it is impossible to quantify the potential, building integrated PV (BIPV) would push the maximum capacity which can be deployed on roofs higher than that achievable with conventional PV panels alone. • UK companies strongly represented in BIPV supply chain. • Encouraging deployment on buildings in the UK should help to boost this emerging sector, which has enormous potential globally.”

  9. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 28) • The UK has a vibrant Building Integrated PV (BIPV) sector, where the building fabric is made from solar PV materials. • Technology is starting to provide us with the opportunity to install PV directly into the fabric of building glass and cladding material. • These products will allow architects designing new buildings to maximise the energy generation of the fabric of the building. • Costs of BIPV products have fallen at a similar rate to conventional modules, as they share the same solar cells. • BIPV looks set to be an exciting area of growth.

  10. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 29) • The market for BIPV products will provide opportunities for UK companies to develop and manufacture these products, which look to provide welcome export opportunities. • BIPV also provides opportunities for next generation solar PV materials to develop (e.g. Polysolar, Oxford PV) and be brought to the market through the substantial building industry supply chain.

  11. Wales: Competing with China?

  12. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 38) • So far, the PV sector has been dominated by one technology (c-Si) and one product (the flat photovoltaic module). • This has triggered significant cost reductions in manufacturing but not a major change in the way in which the PV technology can be deployed and used. • That step change could be harnessed through innovation of new technologies and improving integration to UK grid and the development of associated technologies. • That said, crystalline silicon (c-Si) is expected to remain the top PV technology in the coming years.

  13. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 38) • The UK, together with more established countries’ PV markets such as Germany, Italy or the US, could see a differentiated opportunity to that of China and Asia-Pacific countries to develop innovative products (e.g. BIPV; thin film, and printable organic PV) • The UK has well-established research and development activity on a range of photovoltaic technologies and applications, which are predominately focussed on next generation technologies. • This may provide a comparative advantage.

  14. Solar Roadmap Part II (page 56) • With BIPV coming through, as a specialist product more likely to be made in the UK, the jobs component could be substantial. Conventional PV systems have supply chains that are heavily dependent on imported product from outside the UK. • The major contribution to the UK supply chain is through development, installation and maintenance. • However, BIPV is currently more likely to be manufactured in UK through companies such as Romag, Kingspan and others. • The high technology BIPV exemplified by the glass and façade products under development by Oxford PV and Polysolar is yet to be industrialised in the mainstream, and there is therefore a significant opportunity to encourage the growth of a strong UK industrial base.

  15. BIPVCo Dyesol Centre for Solar Energy Research (CSER) @ OpTIC Glyndwr Expertise in thin-film, Cadmium Telluride cells. Expertise in novel MOCVD process & advanced optics. PV in Wales Regional Strengths Commercialisation & Manufacture Bangor University Dye sensitised cell research Sharp Silicon Module Manufacture. SPECIFIC, Swansea University GB Sol, PV Module manufacture. Mounting Systems Manufacture. Ser Solar, Swansea University PV Research Pure Wafer (Reclaimed Silicon Wafers) G24i Manufacturer of dye sensitised solar cells. IQE Multijuction PV (Concentrators)

  16. PV Technology Pathways Does Wales Regional Strength Lie in Technological Diversity?

  17. Photovoltaic Technology Options

  18. Comparing Photovoltaic Technologies Thin film technologies compete on the basis of slightly less efficiency, but at a lower cost / kW Slightly less efficient per unit area. But better at capturing diffuse light – so potentially well suited to Welsh climate. Seen as a “substitute product” rarely the default choice. Crystalline silicon raw materials cost around 20%. For thin film, figure is 10% Crystalline silicon manufacturing technology is “commodified” whereas thin film manufacturing technology is proprietary. Efficiency of cell technologies directly impacts the cost of installed technologies, improvements in thin-film performance improve competitive position.

  19. Thin Film / Excitonic Cells:Continuous Production? Crystalline Silicon Cells “Batch” Production Thin Film / Excitonic / DSC Cells “Reel to Reel” Production Image: Sharp, Llay Wrexham, Silicon Cell Production Image: G24i Power, DSC Cell Production

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