Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns

In this chapter you will learn how to: Identify patterns of organization: • Definition • Classification • Order or Sequence • Cause and Effect • Comparison and Contrast • Listing/Enumeration • Mix Patterns • Other Patterns © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Patterns • Help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading. • Help you remember and recall what you read. • Useful in your writing; by helping you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form. © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Explains the meaning of a word or phrase. Transitions for Definition Pattern: is, means, refers, can be defined, another term, also means deficit is another termthat… bureaucracy means… Definition © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Classification Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Transitions for Classification Pattern: several kinds, numerous types of, classified as, composed of, comprise, one type of, another type, finally • There are numerous types of… • The human skeleton is composed of... © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Chronological Order Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time. Transitions for Chronological Order: in, at, on, first, later, then, before, during, by the time, while, afterward, as, after, thereafter, meanwhile, at that point • Inancient times… • Thefirst primate species… • Laterefforts... © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Process Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished. Transitions for Process: • words are similar to those used for chronological order. © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Order of Importance Expresses order of priority or preference. Ideas are arranged from most to least or least to most important. Transitions for Order of Importance: less, more, primary, first, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily • Morerevealing is… • Of primary interest is… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Spatial Order Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space. Transitions for Spatial Order: left, lower, outer, beneath, next to, beside, to the left, in the center, externally • theleft side of the brain… • beneaththe surface… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Cause and Effect Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another. Transitions for Cause and Effect: causes, creates, leads to, yields, stems form, produce, breeds, results in, therefore, consequently, hence, for this reason, since • Stress causes… • Avoidanceresults in… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons. Transitions for Comparison and Contrast: unlike, less than, contrasted with, differs from, in contrast, however, on the other hand, as opposed to, whereas • Frost differs from… • Frost is as powerful as… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Listing/Enumeration Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories. Transitions for Listing/Enumeration: one, second feature, also, several characteristics, (1)…,(2)…, (a)…, (b)…, in addition, first, second, third, finally, another • A second feature of relativity… • There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)… © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Mixed Patterns Organizational patterns are often combined. • Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition) © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Statement & Clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. Transitions for Statement & Clarification: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Summary Condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow. Transitions for Summary: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. Transitions for Generalization & Example: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Addition Indicates that additional information will follow. Transitions for Addition: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again © 2006 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns