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Chapter 7: Nationalism and Sectionalism. Section 1: Industry and Transportation. 1. What did overland transportation consist of in the early nineteenth century? (p.228) Overland transportation consisted of carts, wagons, sleighs, and stagecoaches pulled by horse or oxen over dirt roads.
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Chapter 7: Nationalism and Sectionalism Section 1: Industry and Transportation
1. What did overland transportation consist of in the early nineteenth century? (p.228) • Overland transportation consisted of carts, wagons, sleighs, and stagecoaches pulled by horse or oxen over dirt roads.
2. What are turnpikes and what was the effect of turnpikes? (p.228) • Answer: turnpikes are roads for which users had to pay a toll. The effect of turnpike is that only a few turnpikes made a profit, and most failed to lower transportation costs or increase the speed of travel.
3. What is the National Road and where did the roadway extend from? (pp.228-229) • One of the few decent turnpikes was the National Road; it extended from west from Maryland to the Ohio River (in present-day West Virginia) in 1818.
4. What was the first major advance in transportation? (p.229) • The first major advance in transportation was the development of the steamboat. • *By burning wood or coal , the engine boiled water to create steam. The force of the steam turned a large rotating paddle, which pushed the boat.
5. Who developed the first commercially successful steamboat AND what was the steamboat called? (p.229) • The first commercially successful steamboat was developed by Robert Fulton and was called the Clermont. • *In 1807, the Clermont made its journey from New York to Albany, (see map on next slide) proving to the world the possibilities of steam navigation
6. What were the effects of the steamboat? (p,229) • Made it easier to travel upstream, against the current, which decreased travel time. *Example, before the steamboat it took 4 months to travel from New Orleans to Louisville, Kentucky along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers; steamboat made same journey in 20 days.
7. What was the effect of the Erie Canal? (p.29) • Linked farms to the expanding cities via water transportation. • Prior to the development of the canal, the cost of shipping goods decreased. *It would cost $100 or more to ship a ton of freight overland from Buffalo to New York City; with the canal the cost was $4
#7 CONTINUED • Made New York City the nation's greatest commercial center; as a result population soared • The canal also enhanced the value of farmland in the Great Lakes region because these farmers now had access to sell in New York.
8. What was the most dramatic advance in transportation in the 1800s? (p.229) • The most dramatic advance in transportation in the 1800s was the RAILROAD.
9. What were the effects of the railroad? (pp.229-230) • Compared to canals, railroads cost less to build and could more easily scale, climb, hills; moved faster than ships and could carry more weight.
10. List all the major developments of transportation between 1800 and 1860. (Hint – you already did them in 1-9). • Turnpikes – National Road • Steamboat – Claremont • Railroad • Canal
11. What is the industrial revolution AND what was its effect? (p.230) • The Industrial Revolution are developments in technology and how it transformed manufacturing. • The effect of the Industrial Revolution is it changed not only the nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and politics.
12. What did Samuel Slater build? (p. 231) • Samuel Slater used his detailed knowledge of the textile machinery to build the nation’s first water-powered textile mill in 1793. at Pawtucket, Rhode Island • The mill used the flowing Blackstone River to power its machinery, which produced one part of the textile: cotton thread
13. What is the family system? (p. 231) • The family system was when entire families, including parents and children, were employed in the mills.
14. Francis Cabot Lowell developed a mill HOW IS LOWELL’s MILL DIFFERENT THAN SAMUEL SLATERS? (p.231). • Organized a company called the Boston Associates. Built first mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, in which all operations in the manufacture of cloth occurred – instead of just the production of thread.
15. Who were the Lowell Girls? (p.231) • The Lowell Girls were young, single women recruited from area farms to work at the Lowell Textile Mill. These girls lived on the grounds of the factories in boardinghouse and had to follow strict rules of behavior. After years of work, most of the young women married and left the factory.
16. What changes occurred In the United States with the rise of industry in the early 1800s? (READ THE SECTION, “Factory Work Changes Lives,” on page 231. • It changed the working lives of thousands of people • Machines increased the pace of work and divided labor into many small tasks done by separate workers
17. Explain the purpose of interchangeable parts. • To improve efficiency in factories, manufacturers designed interchangeable parts, identical components, a part of a whole, that could be used in place of another. Invented by Eli Whitney
!7. ANSWER CONTINUED: • Traditionally. Items such as clocks and muskets were built one at a time by skilled artisans who made each part and assembled the device from start to finish by hand; as a result the part that worked in one clock/musket may not work in another.
17. Whitney’s interchangeable parts allowed one part that would work in one musket would work in another musket – the parts are interchangeable
18. Who invented interchangeable parts? • Eli Whitney
19. What did Samuel F.B. Morse invent AND what was its effect? • Invented the electric telegraph. A message could be delivered much faster
20. How did the industrial revolution impact farming? (p.232) • American farms became more productive, raising larger crops for the market. After 1840 many large farms also employed the steel plow invented by John Deere.
