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Drugs.

Say _Know_. to. Drugs. Food Vitamins Minerals Aspirin Chocolate Coffee Alcohol Nicotine. A drug is an exogenous chemical that changes consciousness or behavior. Drug Use - use without abuse Drug Abuse - use that negatively interferes with your or others life

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Drugs.

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  1. Say _Know_ to Drugs.

  2. Food Vitamins Minerals Aspirin Chocolate Coffee Alcohol Nicotine

  3. A drug is an exogenous chemical that changes consciousness or behavior. • Drug Use - use without abuse • Drug Abuse - use that negatively interferes with your or others life • Drug Dependence - occurrence of tolerance and withdrawal

  4. What harm (social as well as individual) does the use of drugs cause? Crime, Organ Damage, HIV transmission Estimated cost in 1988 due to reduced productivity: Alcohol: 33 billion dollars Other drugs: 7.2 billion dollars The US has the highest prison rate in the world (1 in 180). Half are nonviolent drug offenders.

  5. How might drug’s harmful effects be reduced or eliminated?

  6. Present Government Policy (medical model and war on drugs) (abstinence only) versus Harm Reduction (behavioral model and decriminalization) (abstinence and/or controlled use)

  7. Some Depressants: alcohol seconal (barbiturate) diazepam (benzodiazapam) GHB (gamma hydroxy buterate) opium morphine heroin Opiates:

  8. Some Stimulants: caffeine (coffee, coca cola) ephedrine (ma huang, ephedra) methamphetamine cocaine nicotine

  9. Cocaine blocks reuptake • It affects: • dopamine • norepinephrine • serotonin • Acute tolerance - subsequent ‘hits’ do not feel as euphoric as the first ‘hit’. • Complications - seizure, heart attack, stroke

  10. Cocaine Dependence • 1) Crash 1-5 days of intense craving, exhaustion, and depression • 2) Withdrawal 1 - 10 weeks, consists mainly of craving and anhedonia • 3) Intermittent cue dependent craving

  11. Nicotine • Nicotine is a stimulant • Causes vomiting but tolerance develops quickly • Decreases muscle tone • Enhances alertness • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • 1 cigarette contains 6-8 mg. of nicotine as well as tar, and carbon monoxide • nicotine is extremely addictive

  12. Health Hazards of Smoking Tobacco Percent Dead Age Non Smoker Smoker 55 4% 10% 65 10% 28% 75 25% 50%

  13. Some Hallucinogens: marijuana (sedative) psiloscybin LSD DMT mescaline

  14. Marijuana • Marijuana contains 400 chemicals • 60 are cannabinoids • Active component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) • Delta-9-THC is fat (lipid) soluble (not water soluble) • Most of the 59 other cannabinoids are not active by themselves.

  15. Marijuana • Sinsemilla contains 13% to 30% THC • Hash oil (solvent extracted) can contain 60% THC • Fast onset but peak plasma level occurs in 30 to 60 min. • Oral ingestion is less efficient because it is processed by the liver - 3 times the smoked dose for the same effect • One dose can be detected 30 days later

  16. Effects of Marijuana • 1) Decreases turnover of acetylcholine in the hippocampus • 2) Facilitates release of serotonin • 3) Binds to endogenous anandamide (Sanskrit for bliss) receptor in the brain. • Affects memory, movement, hunger, and pain • Increases heart rate decreases blood pressure

  17. Marijuana • Tolerance can be demonstrated in animals but is harder to demonstrate in humans • Physical dependence is unusual • Likely hard on the lungs because of tar content • Long history of human use (found in mummies) - used for child birth by the Egyptians • Presently used in this state for MS, Pain, AIDS (reduces nausea and vomiting) and glaucoma • Not advised during pregnancy (possible risk of lower birth weight and premature birth)

  18. Some Substances are more difficult to classify (for example): MDMA 3,4,MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine

  19. Other classifications that include many of the hallucinogens are: 1) Psychedelic (mind manifesting): 2) Entheogenic (revealing the God within): For example: ayahuasca ibogaine

  20. For more information about ‘drugs’ • take psych 322.

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