חוק המכפלה

1. חוק המכפלה

2. The 3-boxes paradox It is always in ! It is always in

3. Peculiar example: a failure of the product rule

5. פרדוקס של חרדי

8. Weak Measurements

9. Quantum measurement of

10. Weak quantum measurement of

11. Weak quantum measurement of

12. Weak quantum measurement of

13. Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t bythe two-state vector The outcomes of weakmeasurements are weak values

14. Weak measurement of with post-selection

15. Weak measurement of with post-selection

17. Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t bythe two-state vector The outcomes of weakmeasurements are weak values

18. The outcomes of weakmeasurements are weak values Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t bythe two-state vector

19. Weak Measurement of The particle pre-selected The particle post-selected Weakmeasurements performed on a pre- and post-selected ensemble Pointer probability distribution !

20. The outcomes of weakmeasurements are weak values How the result of a measurement of a component of the spin of a spin-1/2 particle can turn out to be 100 Y. Aharonov, D. Albert, and L. Vaidman PRL 60, 1351 (1988) Realization of a measurement of a ``weak value''N. W. M. Ritchie, J. G. Story, and R. G. HuletPhys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1107-1110 (1991)

21. Amplifying a Tiny Optical Effect K. J. Resch Science 8 February 2008: “In the first work on weak measurement (AAV), it was speculated that the technique could be useful in amplifying and measuring small effects. Now, 20 years later, this potential has finally been realized.” Observation of the Spin Hall Effect of Light via Weak Measurements O. Hosten and P. Kwiat

23. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then thereis a weak element o reality

24. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then thereis a weak element o reality

25. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then thereis a weak element o reality

26. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then thereis a weak element o reality

27. Two useful theorems: Ifis an element of reality then For dichotomic variables: Ifthenis an element of reality The three box paradox Tunneling particle has (weak) negative kinetic energy