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Heifer Raising

Heifer Raising. Lecture 11 ANS 336 2/21/01. Once A Day Feeding - Milk. Reduces labor? Reduces scours Promotes faster rumen development When a calf drinks milk it forms a curd in the fourth stomach then takes approximately 3-4 hours to totally leave

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Heifer Raising

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  1. Heifer Raising Lecture 11 ANS 336 2/21/01

  2. Once A Day Feeding - Milk • Reduces labor? • Reduces scours • Promotes faster rumen development • When a calf drinks milk it forms a curd in the fourth stomach then takes approximately 3-4 hours to totally leave • Milk replacer forms a harder curd and it takes 18 hours to leave the fourth stomach. • If fed twice daily - new milk is mixed with the previous curd

  3. Once A Day • Acid content of the stomach is the main weapon against bacteria • If pH is > than 4.2 bacteria such as E.Coli will survive and grow. Below 4.2 the bacteria is physically killed. • Normal pH of the fourth stomach is 2. • When milk is drank the pH rises to 6 and takes up to 3 hours to drop below 4.2. • Twice a day exposes the calf to high pH twice a day. E Coli thrives and is the major cause of calf deaths.

  4. Once A Day • To reduce cost of raising calves, we must convert from the high cost, high risk and labor intensive phase to an efficient ruminant. • Must eat dry matter as early as possible. • By condensing all the dry matter into one low volume feed – whole milk will not work. • Over a 10-14 day period of time the animal can be converted to getting 500 grams of milk replacer in 2 qts of water. Normal feedings require 200 grams. • The single low volume of feed is digested slowly but leaves the calf feeling hungry therefore starts on starter grain earlier.

  5. Once A Day • To raise a calf on whole milk or milk replacer cost about $ 4.00 per kg of gain. • Once weaned it cost about $.70/ kg of gain. • Milk feeding of calves does not assist rumen development. • Calves can be weaned at 30-35 days of age once consuming 1 lb of good calf starter. • However, starter should contain 20% Protein. Provide clean cereal straw which is low in nutrient content and poor taste to provide roughage. • Good tasting Alfalfa or pasture will encourage consumption which can not be utilized at this stage. • Requires excellent management.

  6. Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1989At 1.7 lb/day gain Large Breed

  7. Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1999At 1.7 lb/day gain Large Breed

  8. Protein CP includes NPN and True Protein CP used as Ruminants utilization about the same. N Content X 6.25 as not all the nitrogen is in the form of protein. DP - digestible Protein Amount consume minus the amount in feces. AP - apparent digestibility Part of the protein comes from the animal. Energy DE digestible energy ME – Metabolizable energy TDN NEm – net energy Maintenance Neg - Net energy gain Nel - Net energy lactation Nutrient Terminology

  9. Old - 1989 UIP – Undegradable Intake Protein DIP – degradable intake Protein MCP- Microbial Protein BCP Bacterial Protein New – 2000 RUP – Rumen Undegradable Protein RDP – Rumen degradable Protein MP – Metabolizable Protein True protein absorbed from the intestine (MCP –RUP) Nutrient Terminology Changes - NRC

  10. Dry Matter Intake DMI = BW (2%) + .33 FCM FCM = (lbs of milk X .4) + (lbs of milk X % Bfat) 15 Maximum Ration NDF = 1.2% of BW Forage NDF = 0.9 % of BW Conc. NDF = 0.3 % BW Must provide: 28 to 30 % of the Total Ration in NDF 19 to 21 % of the Total Ration in ADF

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