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NAARM-21Nov06. 2. Structure. Main arguments Case StudyLessonsImplications for extension. NAARM-21Nov06. 3. Main Argument 1 . Changing nature of agriculture farmers need an integrated set of advice and services Addressing complex issues needs interaction among a number of actors (sustainable
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1. NAARM-21Nov06 1 From Technology Dissemination to Promoting Rural Innovation: Implications for Agricultural Extension
Rasheed Sulaiman V
Centre for Research on Innovation and Science Policy (CRISP)
Andy Hall, UNU-MERIT, Maastricht &
Rajeswari Raina, CPR, New Delhi)
2. NAARM-21Nov06 2 Structure Main arguments
Case Study
Lessons
Implications for extension
3. NAARM-21Nov06 3 Main Argument 1
Changing nature of agriculture
farmers need an integrated set of advice and services
Addressing complex issues needs interaction among a number of actors
(sustainable resource use; pesticides & health; organic farming; quality and standards; enhancing competitiveness; value addition)
Many of these challenges transcend the level of individual farms and need new forms of co-ordination among various actors
(collective management of natural resources, chain management, collective marketing and input supply, organisation building)
4. NAARM-21Nov06 4 Main argument 2 Extension should play a wider role:
beyond technology dissemination
beyond price/market information + group formation
Include addressing vulnerability and poverty, environmental issues, enterprise development, dealing with markets and farmer organizations, building relations with actors
Select References:
Farrington et al, 2002,
Berdegue and Escobar, 2002; APO, 2006,
Neuchatel Group, 2002, Rivera et al, 2001,
Leeuwis and van den Ban, 2004; Sulaiman and Hall 2003, 2005)
5. NAARM-21Nov06 5 Main argument 3 Extension should have links with several actors
Beyond research (public sector research)
Technology users, private companies, NGOs, market intermediaries, financial agencies
But ……..“Institutions”-rules, norms, habits and practices, constrain development of better relationships and partnerships
6. NAARM-21Nov06 6 Main argument 4 Extension needs new theories/framework to reinvent its new mission- (systems perspectives)
Beyond “diffusion of innovations”
Beyond linear transfer of technology paradigm (R-E-F)
Beyond “technological determinism”
Beyond “invention” and “transfer” to “innovation”
Acknowledges the role of different actors and their interaction
Beyond NARS and NAES to “Agricultural and Rural Innovation System”
7. NAARM-21Nov06 7 Case Study - Linking tribal horticulture producers to markets through value addition Details
Tribal horticultural producers getting exploited (perishability, middlemen exploitation, distress sale, low prices)
Initiate value addition through developing right technologies and products and ensure a sustainable supply chain
Coalition project (Feb 2003) Gajapathi Dt
-IDE(I) Lead/marketing
- OUAT (technology)
- CCD (community)
Livelihood and Market analysis
8. NAARM-21Nov06 8 Technological Initiatives Pineapple- Osmo dehydrated pineapple slices and pineapple juice
Simple user friendly juicer
Pouch sealing machines, metal cork machine, tamarind seeding machine
Training to SHGs at the lab
Field level – Juice damaged due to lack of hygiene and colour of slices not upto the mark
Need for more field level trainings, processing plant
CTD, DST, CAPART
9. NAARM-21Nov06 9 Product testing; Marketing
Tried different packing materials
Labelling-”Mahendragiri”
Consumer study (M/s Jagannath Merchandising Ltd)-quality, packing, pricing
Marketing tie-ups
Aaren Foods-pineapple, tamarind, turmeric and cashew
OMFED- raw and processed products pineapple, lemon, seedless tamarind
Gajpathi Women Self-Help Co-operative Ltd
2004- 1 mt of pineapple juice and lemon juice to OMFED
1 quintal seedless tamarind to Aaren
Project ended Dec 2004
2006- > 4 tns pineapple juice
SHGs procuring pineapple at higher prices
Women from SHGs engaged in processing
No processing plant yet
10. NAARM-21Nov06 10 So what? The project provides several lessons on promoting rural innovation
Beyond technology development or dissemination; it was on enhancing the capacity of the producers to access, adapt and apply different bits of knowledge in their particular context
Intervention brought together knowledge from more than 20 different actors.
Involves a set of inter-related changes in technology, institutions and policies
technological adaptations
More trainings, trainings in the field,
OMFED rules regarding procurement and payments,
SHGs agree to venture into new areas of economic activity
11. NAARM-21Nov06 11 Lessons on HOW to approach developmental issues Exploring complexities simultaneously through a coalition of actors
challenges the traditional approach of compartmentalising problems and addressing in a sequential mode
Integrating different activities from the beginning and selecting the right kind of partners (markets, intermediaries, users, technology suppliers, grass root organisations)
Lead role by IDEI-looking at the whole value chain-managing the project
Steering committee, frequent meetings, joint search for solution, use of mobile phones
OUAT’s technical skills-adoption of ICAR contract research rules, use of networks provided by others
FOCUS ON CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT &
NOT TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
12. NAARM-21Nov06 12 Learning-an important process and outcome IDEI was applying its previous experience of managing coalitions-working through others
OUAT- new ways of relating lab level expertise to real life situations (adaptations to dryers, addressing hygiene)
CCD- learning on value addition and marketing for its SHGs, though the project ended
13. NAARM-21Nov06 13 Implications for extension Innovation –process of generating, accessing and putting knowledge into use, happens only when actors with different bits of expertise interact with each other
Invention is not always necessary for innovation
Transferring invention is not enough for innovation
Expertise and not technology
Extension needs to partner with several non-research actors also
14. NAARM-21Nov06 14
15. NAARM-21Nov06 15 Technical and institutional innovations Institutional innovations- new ways of doing things are equally or more important to address complex issues facing agriculture
Technical innovations need not be the starting point for extension
Institutional innovations can flourish only where sufficient flexibility and freedom to experiment exists
Centralised arrangements for funding, implementation, monitoring and evaluation stifle generation of locally relevant institutional innovations
16. NAARM-21Nov06 16 Role of “institutions” Norms, rules, habits and practices- that determine propensity of each actor to interact with others in the innovation system
Institutional change is important
Current institutions- hierarchy, centralised modes of planning, assessing performance on number of trainings, rewarding only success (reluctance to report failures), working independently, mistrust of others
Lack culture of learning
Institutional learning and change (ILAC)
Process by which new ways of working emerges
What rules and norms have to be changed to do a new task or the old one better success), Innovation - determined by interaction of different actors
Create new platforms for learning
Space to try new approaches
17. NAARM-21Nov06 17 Capacity Development CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT- deal with evolving sector needs
ILAC not restricted to extension
Stakeholder dialogues
Promoting joint activities
(small projects to big consortia)
How to develop this capacity?
18. NAARM-21Nov06 18 New Frameworks to guide change “Innovation Systems”
Innovation- process of generating, accessing and putting knowledge into use
Wide range of actors
Nature of interaction and relationships
Institutions
(habits and practices that determine interactions)
Policies and the facilitating environment
19. Thanks www.innovationstudies.org