Social Psychology by David G. Myers 11 th Edition

1. CHAPTER 15 Social Psychologyby David G. Myers 11th Edition Applying Social Psychology

2. Contents • Social psychology in the Clinic • Social psychology in Court • Social psychology and the sustainable future

3. Social Psychology in the Clinic • Clinical psychology • The study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties.

4. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Two ways of knowing • Scientific way • Non-scientific way

5. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Twowaysofknowing

6. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction • When researchers pit statistical prediction against intuitive prediction, the statistics usually win. • Why do so many clinicians continue to interpret Rorschach inkblot tests?

7. Rorschach inkblot tests

8. Social Psychologyby David G. Myers 11th Edition Illusion correlation Overconfidence Confirmation bias Social Beliefs and Judgments

9. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Illusory Correlations • Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

10. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Illusory Correlations

11. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Illusory Correlations • How to discover illusory correlation • Have one clinician administer and interpret the test • Have another clinician assess the same person’s trait or symptoms

12. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Hindsight and Overconfidence • The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

13. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Hindsight and Overconfidence • If someone we know commits suicide, how do we react? • One common reaction is to think that we, or those close to the person, should have been able to predict and therefore to prevent the suicide.

14. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Self-Confirming Diagnoses • Confirmation Bias: a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. • People often test for a trait by looking for information that confirms it.

15. What Influences the Accuracy of Clinical Judgments? • Implications for Better Clinical Practice • Frequently the victims of illusory correlation • Too readily convinced of their own after-the-fact analyses • Unaware the erroneous diagnoses can be self-confirming • Likely to overestimate their clinical intuition

16. Psychopathology • Depression • Loneliness • Stress

17. Psychopathology • Depression 抑郁症又称抑郁障碍，以显著而持久的心境低落为主要临床特征，是心境障碍的主要类型。

18. Psychopathology • Loneliness 严重缺乏与他人的情感接触；怪异的、重复性的仪式性行为；缄默或语言显著异常。

19. Psychopathology • PTSD 个体经历、目睹或遭遇到一个或多个涉及自身或他人的实际死亡，或受到死亡的威胁，或严重的受伤，或躯体完整性受到威胁后，所导致的个体延迟出现和持续存在的精神障碍

20. What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? • Attribution

21. What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? • Depression

22. What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? • Depression

23. What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? • Loneliness

24. What Cognitive Processes Accompany Behavior Problems? • Stress

25. What Are Some Social-psychological Approaches to Treatment? • Inducing Internal Change Through External Behavior • Maintaining Change Through Internal Attributions for Success • Using Therapy as Social Influence • Breaking Vicious Circles

26. Enhancing Happiness • Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from ‘making it’. • Take control of your time. • Act happy. • Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. • Join the ‘movement’ movement. • Give your body the sleep it wants. • Give priority to close relationships. • Focus beyond the self. • Keep a gratitude journal • Nurture your spiritual self.

27. Social Psychology in Court • A courtroom is a battleground where lawyers compete for the minds of jurors.

28. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? • The Power of Persuasive Eyewitnesses • Those who had ‘seen’ were indeed believed, even when their testimony was shown to be useless.

29. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony?

30. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? • When Eyes Deceive

31. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? • Retelling • Retelling events commits people to their recollections, accurate or not.

32. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? • The Misinformation Effect

33. How Reliable is Eyewitness Testimony? • Feedback to Witnesses

34. What Other Factors Influence Juror Judgments? • The Defendant’s Characteristics • Physical attractiveness

35. What Other Factors Influence Juror Judgments? • The Defendant’s Characteristics • Similarity to the jurors

36. What Other Factors Influence Juror Judgments? • The Judge’s Instructions • Reactance: a motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action. • I warn you not to notice your nose as you finish this sentence.

37. What Other Factors Influence Juror Judgments? • Additional Factors • Does a severe potential punishment make jurors less willing to convict? • Do experienced jurors’ judgments differ from those of novice jurors? • Are defendants judged more harshly when the victim is attractive or has suffered greatly?

38. How Do Group Influences Affect Juries? • Minority Influence • Jurors in the minority will be most pervasive when they are consistent, persistent, and self-confident.

39. How Do Group Influences Affect Juries? • Are Twelve Heads Better Than One? • Groups recall information from a trial better than do their individual members. • Are Six Heads as Good as Twelve? • 5:1=10:2???

40. How Do Group Influences Affect Juries? • Croup Polarization

41. How Do Group Influences Affect Juries? • Leniency • When the evidence is not highly incriminating, deliberating jurors often become more lenient.

42. Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

43. Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

44. Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

45. Enabling Sustainable Living • New Technologies • Reducing Consumption

46. The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth • Increased Materialism

47. The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth • Wealth and Well-Being • Are wealthy countries happier?

48. The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth • Wealth and Well-Being • Are wealthier individuals happier?

49. The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth • Wealth and Well-Being • Is the wealthier twenty-first century happier?

50. The Social Psychology of Materialism and Wealth • Materialism Fails to Satisfy • Our human capacity for adaptation • The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level.