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History of Feminist Movements in the United States

History of Feminist Movements in the United States. Women’s Studies 101 UW Marathon County. Waves. First Wave (early 1848-early 1920) Second Wave (1960s-1970s) Backlashes. Third Wave. THE FIRST WAVE: early 1848-early 1920. Status of Women Pre-1900s. Women as property

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History of Feminist Movements in the United States

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  1. History of Feminist Movements in the United States Women’s Studies 101 UW Marathon County

  2. Waves • First Wave (early 1848-early 1920) • Second Wave (1960s-1970s) • Backlashes. • Third Wave.

  3. THE FIRST WAVE: early 1848-early 1920

  4. Status of Women Pre-1900s • Women as property • Women owning property • Black women and rape • Suffrage/Voting

  5. The First Wave • Central Issues • Anti-slavery • Social, civil, and religious rights of women (Seneca Falls convention) • Women’s right to vote (suffrage) • Legal and accessible birth control • Expanded educational opportunities

  6. Anti-slavery • Abolitionism and Women’s Movement • April 8th, 1825, • Birmingham Ladies Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves

  7. Seneca Falls Convention: 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and friends organized a convention in 1848 that came up with a Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence. It included 18 grievances • Citizenship and rights • Marriage • Work and Education • Dependence

  8. Suffrage • Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Bradwell vs. Illinois (1872) • Nineteenth Amendment Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, Ratified August 18, 1920. 1920: Alice Paul toasts banner in front of NWP headquarters to commemorate the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

  9. Legal and Accessible Birth Control • Political movement for Birth Control • 1873 and 1879 Comstock laws banning contraceptive information • Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965) • Margaret Sanger: 1918 • Her principles • access to birth control • network of volunteer-driven family planning centers across the U.S. • Her Birth Control Federation of America became Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942.

  10. Expanded Educational Opportunities • 1824—public high schools • Conservation Theory of Energy, historical views of women’s intellectual abilities • Women in professions then and now • Women in college

  11. THE SECOND WAVE: 1960s-1970s

  12. Status of Women 1920-1980 • Contraception and Abortion • Title IX • Marital Rape • Scholarship Money • Divorce rate—no-fault divorces, decline, “divorce divide” and education—some debate about the value of no-fault divorce • Early 1970s and women’s dependence: credit, wages, job ads

  13. Second Wave • Central Issues • Equality in work, politics, and education (ERA) • Elimination of sexism (sexual objectification, violence against women, and the socialization of women to meet the needs of men) • Peace • Women’s reproductive freedom

  14. Founding of NOW • NOW--1966 • NOW concentrated on lobbying, focusing on sex discrimination. • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

  15. Mass Women’s Movement • Mass women’s Movement and NOW • Consciousness-raising groups (CR)

  16. Accomplishments and Focus of the Second Wave • Women moved for social changes: • Daycare, discrimination, rape crisis hotlines, women’s centers, unions, women’s studies courses, journals, and magazines

  17. “Feminisms” • Soon different groups formulated different theoretical and political stances: • Socialist feminists: • Radical feminists • Marxist feminists: • Separatist feminists: • Cultural feminists • Feminists of Color

  18. Feminisms, Part 2 • Theoretical splits • Multi-issue vs. single-issue groups

  19. Organizational Principles • Women’s liberation preferred decentralization: • Groups lacked formal structure • No “Roberts Rules of Order” • “direct democracy” • challenges

  20. Goals and Areas of Concern for 2nd wave feminism

  21. Work • While most middle-class women did not work outside the home, many women were employed: • By 1960, 30 percent of married women were employed • 39 percent of mothers with school-age children were in the labor force (typically “pink-collar” service and clerical jobs, which is still true today) • By 1955, 3 million women belonged to unions, constituting 17% of union members.

  22. Equal Rights Amendment • The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), • 1923: Alice Paul and finally • voted on in 1972, states: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Circa 1920's: Mrs. Harvey Wiley, on phone, Miss Anita Pollitzer, Alice Paul, and unknown woman, making phone calls for the Equal Rights Amendment.

  23. Elimination of Sexism—Problems Addressed in the Second Wave • 1963: Feminine Mystique • Employment statistics • Workplace Discrimination Betty Friedan

  24. Peace • Women’s Movement and Anti-War movements • Reasons?

  25. Women’s Reproductive Freedom • Contraception: 1965 and 1972 • Abortion: 1973

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