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The infortantance of public speaking :. You will discover new applications for skills you may already have, such as focusing and organizing ideas and gathering information from print and electronic sources. The ability to speak with competence and confidence will provide enpowerment
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The infortantance of public speaking : You will discover new applications for skills you may already have, such as focusing and organizing ideas and gathering information from print and electronic sources. The ability to speak with competence and confidence will provide enpowerment Public speaking skill may someday help you get a job. The difference between public speaking and coversation Public spekaing is planned The grammar and vocabulary as well as the nonverbal communication of public speakers is more formal than in ordinary conversation. The role of public speaker and audiences are clearly defined, rarely do audience members interrupt or even talk to speakers. The communication process Consider communication as action Consider communication as interaction; it involves feedback and take palce in a context Consider communication as transaction, or a simultaneous process-we send and receive message concurrently, adapting to the context and intepretting the verbal and nonverbal feedback of others as we speak.
The history of public speaking : • The fourth century B.C was a golden age for rhetoric in the Greek Republic. • Nineteenth century public speakers practiced the art of declamation-the delivery of an already famous address. • From the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century, elocution manuals, providing elaborate and specific prescription for effective delivery, were standar references not only in schools, but also in nearly every middle class home in US. • The twenty-first century brought a new era speechmaking that draws on ageold public speaking traditions and summons public speakers to meet some of the most difficult challenges in history.
Understanding diverse audiences : • Gender, ethnicity, and culture of both speaker and audience are crucial component of the context of a speaking event. • Diverse audiences have different expectations for appropiate and effective speech topics, argument structure, language style and delivery.
OVERVIEW OF THE SPEECHMAKING PROCESS • Understand your nervousness : • It’s normal to be nervous • Your view of the speaking assigment, your perception of your speaking skill and your self-esteem intercat to create anxiety. • People feel nervous when speaking in public because of fear of humiliation, concern about not being prepared, fear about how they look, presure to perform, personal insecurity, concern that the audience won’t be interested in them or the speech, inexperience, fear of making mistakes, and over all fear of failure. • Anxiety can be useful, your hightened state of readiness can actually help you speak better, especially if you view the public speaking event positively instead or negatively.
Build your confidence : • Know to whom you will be speaking and learn as much about them as you can. • Be prepared, the better prepared you are, the less anxiety you will experience. • Re-create the speech environment when you practise. A realistics rehearsal will increase your confidence when your moment to speak arrives. • Know your introduction and your conclusion. Being familiar with your introduction will help you feel more comfortable about entire speech. • Visualize your succes, positive visualization is effective because it bootsts your confidence by helping you see yourself as more confident, accomplished speaker.
Your first speech: an overview of the speechmaking process : • Consider your audience • Determine your purpose- to inform, to persuade, to entertain. • Develop your central idea. It identifies the essence of your message. Think of it as a one-sentence summary of your speech. • Generate the main ideas • Gather verbal and visual supporting materials-fact, examples, definitons and quotations from other that illustrate, amplify, clarity and provide evidence. • Organize your speech aloud, standing just as you will when you deliver it to your audience. • Deliver your speech, use conversational style and try to establihs rapport with your listeners.
Ethics and Free Speech : • Speakers who exercise their right to free speech have responsibility to speak ethically. • Ethical public speaking is inhretly audience-centered, always taking into account the needs and right of the listeners.
Strategies form speaking ethically : • An ethical speaker is one who has a clear, responsible goal; uses sound evidence and reasoing; is sensitive to and tolerant of differences; is honest; and avoid plagiarism. • An ethical goal should be socially responsible. A socially responsible goal is one that gives the listener choices. • Share with an audience all information that might help them reach a sound decision, including information that may be potentially damaging to your case. • Being audinece-centered requires that you become as aware as possible of others’ feelings, needs, interests, and background.
Be sensitive to differences by demonstrating a willingness to listen to opposing viewpoints and learn about different beleifs and values. • Avoid language that might be interpreted in any way as biased or offensive. • Never knowingly offer false or misleading information to an audience. • Give credit for ideas and information that is not your own.
Strategies for avoiding plagiarism : • Understand what plagiarism is; the use of ideas or words from another source without citing proper credit. • A less obvious form is patchwork plagiarism-lacing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source that you do not credit. • Another way speakers sometimes attempt to shortcut the speech preparation task is to ask another person to edit a speech so extensively that it becomes more that other person’s work than their own. • Do your own work. • Give credit to the source of direct quotations even if they are only brief phrases; opinions, assertions or ideas of others, even if you paraphrase them rather than quote them verbatim; statistics, any nonoriginal visual materials, including graphs, tables and pictures. • Practise careful and systematic note taking. • Cite your sources for your audience, both orally and in writing.
Listening ethically : • As an audience member, you have the right-even the responsibility-to enter a communication situation with expectations about both the message and how the speaker will deliver it. • Communicate your objectives and react to the speaker’s message and delivery through appropiate nonverbal and verbal feedback. • Be sensitive to and tolerant of differences. • Listen critically. • Be attentive and courteous. • Consider diverse cultural norms and audience expectations as part of the context within which you listen to and evaluate the speaker. • Hold the speaker to his or her ethical responsibilities.
Analyzing Audience • The stages in the listening process: • To select a sound is to single out a message from several competing messages. • To attend to a sound is to focus on it. • To understand something, people assign meaning to the stimuli that come their way. • To remember is to recall ideas and information.
Five barriers to effective listening: • Information overload. • Personal concern • Outside distraction. • Prejudice • Diffferences between speech rate and thought rate • Receiver aprehension.
Strategies for becoming a better listener : • Focus on speaker’s message, not on his or her delivery style. • Focus on a facial expressions to help identify the emotions being communicated; a speaker’s posture and gestures can reinformce the intensity of the emotion. • Keep your emotions under control; heightened emotions can affect your ability to understand a message. • Don’t jump to conclusions prematurely • Find ways to benefit from the informtions you are listening to and to connect it with your own experiences and needs. • Try to summarize the major idea that the specific facts support. In speeches, facts as well as examples are used primarily to support major ideas. • Determine your listening purpose.
Strategies for improving your note-taking skills: • Come prepared to take notes. • Decide on the type of notes you need to take • Make your notes maningful. The goal is to remember the message, not to transcribe it.
The relationship between listening and critical thingking • The goal of a critical listener or critical thinker is to evaluate information to make a choice. • The ability to separate fact from inferences is one of the most basic critical thinking and listening skills. • An effective critical listener listens not only for evidence but also for the overall structure of the logic or argument the speaker uses ot recah a conclusion.
Criteria for evaluating speeches: • The message should be understandable to the audience. • The message should achieve its intended purpose. • The message should be ethical.
Ways to give effective feedback to others: • Identify both strengths and aspects that could be improved. • Be descriptive • Be specific • Be positive • Be constructive • Be sensitive • Be realistic.
