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Somatic evolution and cancer

Somatic evolution and cancer. Natalia Komarova (University of California - Irvine). Plan. Introduction: The concept of somatic evolution Methodology: Stochastic processes on selection-mutation networks Two particular problems:

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Somatic evolution and cancer

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  1. Somatic evolution and cancer Natalia Komarova (University of California - Irvine)

  2. Plan • Introduction: The concept of somatic evolution • Methodology: Stochastic processes on selection-mutation networks Two particular problems: • Stem cells, initiation of cancer and optimal tissue architecture (with L.Wang and P.Cheng) • Drug therapy and generation of resistance: neutral evolution inside a tumor (with D.Wodarz)

  3. Darwinian evolution (of species) • Time-scale: hundreds of millions of years • Organisms reproduce and die in an environment with shared resources

  4. Darwinian evolution (of species) • Time-scale: hundreds of millions of years • Organisms reproduce and die in an environment with shared resources • Inheritable germline mutations (variability) • Selection • (survival of the fittest)

  5. Somatic evolution • Cells reproduce and die inside an organ of one organism • Time-scale: tens of years

  6. Somatic evolution • Cells reproduce and die inside an organ of one organism • Time-scale: tens of years • Inheritable mutations in cells’ genomes (variability) • Selection • (survival of the fittest)

  7. Cancer as somatic evolution • Cells in a multicellular organism have evolved to co-operate and perform their respective functions for the good of the whole organism

  8. Cancer as somatic evolution • Cells in a multicellular organism have evolved to co-operate and perform their respective functions for the good of the whole organism • A mutant cell that “refuses” to co-operate may have a selective advantage

  9. Cancer as somatic evolution • Cells in a multicellular organism have evolved to co-operate and perform their respective functions for the good of the whole organism • A mutant cell that “refuses” to co-operate may have a selective advantage • The offspring of such a cell may spread

  10. Cancer as somatic evolution • Cells in a multicellular organism have evolved to co-operate and perform their respective functions for the good of the whole organism • A mutant cell that “refuses” to co-operate may have a selective advantage • The offspring of such a cell may spread • This is a beginning of cancer

  11. Progression to cancer

  12. Progression to cancer Constant population

  13. Progression to cancer Advantageous mutant

  14. Progression to cancer Clonal expansion

  15. Progression to cancer Saturation

  16. Progression to cancer Advantageous mutant

  17. Progression to cancer Wave of clonal expansion

  18. Genetic pathways to colon cancer (Bert Vogelstein) “Multi-stage carcinogenesis”

  19. Methodology: modeling a colony of cells • Cells can divide, mutate and die

  20. Methodology: modeling a colony of cells • Cells can divide, mutate and die • Mutations happen according to a “mutation-selection diagram”, e.g. u1 u4 u2 u3 (r3) (r4) (r2) (1) (r1)

  21. Mutation-selection network u8 (r3) u8 (r2) (r6) u8 u5 (1) (r4) (r1) (r6) u2 u2 u5 u8 (r1) (r5) (r7)

  22. Stochastic dynamics on a selection-mutation network

  23. A birth-death process with mutations Selection-mutation diagram: Number of is i u (1) (r ) Number of is j=N-i Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  24. Evolutionary selection dynamics Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  25. Evolutionary selection dynamics Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  26. Evolutionary selection dynamics Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  27. Evolutionary selection dynamics Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  28. Evolutionary selection dynamics Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  29. Evolutionary selection dynamics Start from only one cell of the second type. Suppress further mutations. What is the chance that it will take over? Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  30. Evolutionary selection dynamics Start from only one cell of the second type. What is the chance that it will take over? If r=1 then = 1/N If r<1 then < 1/N If r>1 then > 1/N If r then = 1 Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  31. Evolutionary selection dynamics Start from zero cell of the second type. What is the expected time until the second type takes over? Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  32. Evolutionary selection dynamics Start from zero cell of the second type. What is the expected time until the second type takes over? In the case of rare mutations, we can show that Fitness = 1 Fitness = r >1

  33. (a) (1) (r) What is the probability that by time ta mutant of has been created? Assume that and Two-hit process (Alfred Knudson 1971)

  34. A two-step process

  35. A two-step process

  36. … … A two step process

  37. (a) (1) (r) A two-step process Scenario 1: gets fixated first, and then a mutant of is created; Number of cells time

  38. … Stochastic tunneling

  39. (a) (1) (r) Two-hit process Scenario 2: A mutant of is created before reaches fixation Number of cells time

  40. The coarse-grained description Long-lived states: x0 …“all green” x1 …“all blue” x2 …“at least one red”

  41. Stochastic tunneling Neutral intermediate mutant Disadvantageous intermediate mutant Assume that and

  42. Stem cells, initiation of cancer and optimal tissue architecture

  43. Colon tissue architecture

  44. Colon tissue architecture Crypts of a colon

  45. Colon tissue architecture Crypts of a colon

  46. Cancer of epithelial tissues Gut Cells in a crypt of a colon

  47. Cancer of epithelial tissues Cells in a crypt of a colon Gut Stem cells replenish the tissue; asymmetric divisions

  48. Cancer of epithelial tissues Cells in a crypt of a colon Gut Proliferating cells divide symmetrically and differentiate Stem cells replenish the tissue; asymmetric divisions

  49. Cancer of epithelial tissues Cells in a crypt of a colon Gut Differentiated cells get shed off into the lumen Proliferating cells divide symmetrically and differentiate Stem cells replenish the tissue; asymmetric divisions

  50. Finite branching process

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