Presentation Transcript

1. Progressive Era
2. Take out your notes from last class and your sol packets! Just do it
3. Just Do It! We will have the test after lunch! Take out your notes so we can finish them!
4. Main Idea Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms.
5. WHAT IS THE “GILDED AGE?” In American history, the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1865-1901). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion.
6. Urbanization in the Gilded Age Cities grew rapidly throughout the late 19th century as a result of industrial growth Ex: Chicago (meatpacking), Detroit (automobile), Cleveland (automobile), Pittsburgh (steel), and New York (textiles)
7. Urbanization in the Gilded Age Centers for manufacturing and transportation – created industrial jobs Harsh conditions for laborers in slums and tenements Need for better public services Sewage and water systems were improved Public transportation systems were improved Trolley, streetcar, and subways (NYC) were developed
8. Labor Labor supply in cities increased- due to immigration and migration from rural farms
9. Goals of Progressivism Middle-class progressive reformers wanted to fix many of the problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization in the late 19th century (the Gilded Age)
10. Working Conditions Working conditions for laborers in factories: dangerous, low wages, long hours, no job security, no benefits child labor common, discrimination against women Dominance of big businesses and corporations government not being responsive to the needs of the people SIG– these issues led to the progressive movement – def. – use of government to reform problems created by industrialization and correct injustices in American society
11. Goals of Progressive reformers Goals of Progressive Reformers: Government controlled by the people Guarantee economic opportunities through government regulation Eliminate social injustices
12. Social Reform Prohibition – the movement to ban the of manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol Based on the belief that alcohol consumption was undermining American morality 18th Amendment – prohibition of alcohol went into effect Repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 Responses to: Bootlegging, Speakeasies, Organized Crime (Al Capone) Cities of the Underworld (Show up to 10:32)
13. Frances Willard Became head of the WCTU in 1879; turned it into a powerful organization Carry Nation She was so against alcohol that she famously broke into saloons and took apart bottles with an axe! Important Figures in the Temperance Movement “I smashed five saloons with rocks before I ever took a hatchet” “Temperance is moderation of things that are good and total abstinence from things that are foul”
14. WHAT WAS THE FIRST STATE TO GRANT WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE? WYOMING! Territory – 1869 State – 1890 By 1919, a total of 15 states allowed women to vote in all elections In VA, women were still not allowed to vote
15. Votes for women! Women’s Suffrage – the movement to give women the right to vote National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Benefited from strong leadership – Susan B. Anthony Encouraged women to enter the workforce during World War I 19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)
16. Economic Reform Background: During the Gilded Age (late 1800s), government took a “hands-off” approach to the economy and did not get involved in regulating business = Laissez-faire capitalism big businesses used power to crush competition The Gilded Age (1869-1901) was a time of laissez-faire economics: The U. S. government provided handouts to Big Business with a "hands off" policy.
17. Raking the Muck! Muckrakers – def. – journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during the progressive era Ida Tarbell – “History of the Standard Oil Company” attacked Rockefeller Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed horrible conditions of the meatpacking industry in Chicago Read excerpts from “The Jungle”
18. Trust Busting Clayton Anti-Trust Act – strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and price-fixing Exempted unions from being prosecuted by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
19. Political Reform Local governments - need to reform city governments with major problems that resulted from increased urbanization Commissioners and city council managers – new ways to govern cities more efficiently in 250 cities in the U.S.
20. Political Machines An illegal gang that influences enough votes to control a local government. Gained support by trading favors for votes. Bosses gave jobs, cash, or food to supporters. Tammany Hall (NYC) and Boss Tweed Stole enormous amounts of money from the city Did some good: Built parks, sewers, schools, roads, and orphanages in many cities Also helped immigrants get settled and find jobs or homes. Boss Tweed
21. State governments Secret ballot – def. – allowed voters to cast a vote without election officials knowing who they voted for Initiative – def. – a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot Referendum – def. - a vote by the people on a bill that began as an initiative Recall – def. – enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term Primary system – def. – voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office through a special election
22. National government President Teddy Roosevelt’sprogressive plan = “Square Deal” Involved trust-busting and conservation projects President Woodrow Wilson’sprogressive plan = “New Freedom” Involved financial reform, increased government regulation of business Roosevelt Wilson
23. Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Became President in 1901, after William McKinley’s assassination Member of the Bull Moose Party Progressive political party Promised voters a “Square Deal” Government will ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business “trustbuster”…broke up many Monopolies and Trusts The first environmental President
24. Progressive Presidents William Howard Taft Elected President in 1908 Supported safety standards for mines and railroads Supported the 16th Amendment: Federal income taxes Disappointed progressives in the areas of tariffs and conservation
25. Progressive Presidents Woodrow Wilson Elected President in 1912 Passed the Federal Reserve Act Established the modern banking system Established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Tariff reform Clayton Antitrust Act: Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act “New Freedom” promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
26. Children to school not to work! Child Labor – progressives wanted to end the use of children in industry Keating-Owen Act (1916) – outlawed goods being transported from state to state if those products were produced by child labor Later declared unconstitutional
27. Amendments of the Progressive Era 16th Amendment – established a federal income tax 17th Amendment – direct election of senators The people, not state legislatures, would vote on candidates running for the U.S. Senate 18th Amendment – Prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol 19th Amendment – granted women the right to vote (suffrage)
28. Jim Crow and Segregation
29. Main Idea Discrimination and segregation against African-Americans intensified and took new forms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.
30. African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination Background – During Reconstruction, African-Americans faced violent opposition to their new constitutional rights, especially voting rights. Voting Restrictions – all Southern states passed voting restrictions on African-Americans Literacy test – def. – difficult reading test given to African-Americans trying to register to vote Poll tax – def. – an annual tax that had to be paid by African-Americans before voting Grandfather clause – def. – state laws that allowed people to vote if their grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 African-Americans prevented from voting as a result
31. Jim Crow Jim Crow Laws– segregation laws passed throughout the South to separate white and black people in public SIG - applied to schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems Vending-machine in Jackson, Tennessee
32. Separate But (Un)Equal Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of the races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment Established “separate but equal” doctrine – states could maintain segregated facilities for blacks and whites as long as they provided equal service. SIG – segregation was legal for almost 60 years http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/magazine/24prom-t.html?scp=1&sq=separate%20proms&st=cse
33. African-American Responses “Great Migration”(early 20th century) – def. – movement of African-Americans from the rural South to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South Racial discrimination still existed in the North and sometimes resulted in violence
34. African American Responses Ida B. Wells – led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to act to stop oppression of African-Americans
35. African American Responses Booker T. Washington,– believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success Did not openly challenge segregation Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
36. African American Responses W.E.B. DuBois,– believed that education was meaningless without equality Supported political equality for African-Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP