Being Greek in the 8 th c. BCE τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν ( to Hellênikon eon)

1. Being Greek in the 8th c. BCEτὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν(to Hellênikon eon) Figurative art, sanctuaries and temples, Panhellenic competition, the alphabet, colonization andthe emergence of the polis

2. Dipylon vases, Athens, 750-725 BCELate Geometric: prothesis, ekphora

3. Late Geometric krater, 750-725 BCE

4. Being Greek • What do we learn from these vases about • Rituals and communal actions? • Gender roles? • The imaginary world, on vases and inbronzes depicting centaurs, sphinxes, and other imaginary creatures? Bronze minotaur, Athenian Acropolis, ca. 750 BCE Bronze warrior & centaur locked in combat, Olympia, ca. 750 BCE

5. Samos: 7th c. monopteral (single-columned) temple Samos: 6th c. peripteral (surrounding columns) temple Samos: altar of Hera, 8th c. Temple and altar of Hera (Heraion) Monopteral temple with cult statue of Hera, ca. 700 BCE

6. Olympia: displays ofaretê(ἀρετή): “excellence”kleos (κλέος): “renown”timê (τιμή): “honor”

7. Being Greek • What do community cult centers • with altars, temples, and cult statues of gods & goddesses • tell us about how the Greeks were organizing themselves between 800 and 700 BCE? ________________ • What do the games at Olympia (and later at Nemea & Isthmia near Corinth in the Peloponnese, and at Delphi in central Greece) • with Greeks participating from across the Mediterranean, with displays of physical and musical aretê, and with bronze tripod dedications by the victors acknowledging kleos & timê • tell us about those same organizing principles?

8. Being Greek abroad • What do we learn about “being Greek” from • the alphabet, • interactions with the Phoenicians, and • colonization?

9. Cup of Nestor, ca. 750 BCE, Pithekussai, Italy Reconstruction ΝΕΣΤΟΡΟΣΕ[ΙΜΙ] ΕΥΠΟΤ[ΟΝ] ΠΟΤΕΡΙΟΝ ΗΟΣ Δ ΑΝ ΤΟΔΕ ΠΙΕΣΙ ΠΟΤΕΡΙ[Ο] ΑΥΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΟΝ ΗΙΜΕΡΟΣ ΗΑΙΡΕΣΕΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤΕ[ΦΑΝ]Ο ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΕΣ Translation Of Nestor I am the pleasant-to-drink-from cup Whoever drinks from this cup, immediately him A desire will seize for fair-crowned Aphrodite. Homeric references Homer Odyssey 3.71-72: “[Athena] offered [Nestor’s] rich two-handled cup to Telemachus, Odysseus’ son ....” Homer Iliad 11.632-637: “There was also a cup of rare workmanship which [Nestor] had brought with him from home, studded with bosses of gold; it had four handles, on each of which there were two golden doves feeding, and it had two feet to stand on.” Gold cup, Mycenae, 1500 BCE

10. Mediterranean 750 BCEGreek and Phoenician influence

11. . Al Mina

12. Questions on colonization based on readings in Osborne, Hdt. 4, and D&G chapter 2: pp. 48-49, etc. • What is the earliest evidence for colonization? (D&G 1, 10, 12, 13) • How did these factors contribute to colonization in the 8th c.? • Population (Hdt.) • Trade (D&G 33, 36) • Resources (land, minerals, climate) (D&G 11) • Politics (power, threats, unpopularity, flight, scandal, crime), opportunity, restlessness and ambition (D&G 13, 23, 34, 28-31 & Hdt.) • What was required to create a colony? (D&G 3-5) • What was the process of colonization? (D&G 3-5, 34, 35) • Which Greek communities were active colonizers? (D&G 16, 18) • What was the relationship between colony & its mother-city? (D&G 8)

13. Being Greek • What does the evidence from colonization • including the emergence of the Greek alphabet, • the locations of Greek colonies, • the rituals of colonization, • and the relationship between colonies and their mother-cities, • tell us about how the Greeks were organizing themselves between 800 and 700 BCE?

14. What picture of the Greek world emerges by 700 BCE, based on this evidence? • figurative tradition in art, of both the imagined and real worlds • community cult centers • Panhellenic competitions at Panhellenic centers • the alphabet as a means of written communication • awareness of other cultures • the Shield of Achilles in Homer Iliad 18 • ethnos (pl. ethnê), “a grouping of people who identify together through a common myth of descent but do not focus on a single city community” (Osborne 2009, 129) • emergence of a new type of community, the polis (pl. poleis),“a peculiar synthesis of place, people and political independence … embracing city and country as equal partners” (ibid.) which might include a gymnasium, theater, agora, public water supply, and administrative offices

15. πόλις (polis):“a peculiar synthesis of place, people and political independence … embracing city and country as equal partners” (Osborne 129) • What does Aristotle mean when he says that ὁ ἄνθρωπος φύσει πολιτικὸν ζῷον(ho anthroposphuseipolitikon zoon) • “man is by nature a creature of the polis” (D&G 1.1, Politics1253a2)? • What do we learn about the polis (650-400 BCE) from D&G • 45: a law from Dreros on Crete • 46: the popular council at Chios • 47: immunity from indirect taxation (ateleia) at Cyzicus (Propontis) • 48: a Lokrian community settles new territory (central Greece) • 49, 52, 53: treaties between Oiantheia & Chaleion in Lokris; between Elis and Heraia in Arcadia (w. Peloponnese); between Knossos & Tylissos (Crete) • 50: a law from Elis protecting the family of an accused individual • 51: another law from Elis on fornication in the sacred precinct • 54: commendation of an ambassador (proxenos) at Athens

16. Chigi Vase, ca. 660-640 BCE

17. Next time: the Singers of TalesHomer and Hesiod