Egyptian Art Egypt, Gift of the Nile

1. Egyptian ArtEgypt, Gift of the Nile

2. Egypt • Early Settlements began around 10,000 B.C. • People gathered in small groups, then grew into communities. They lived off of fish, small game and plants. • 5000 B.C. North Africa climate became dry and forced life style change: Agriculture and control of Nile.

3. Riverside communities formed alliances and eventually conquered neighbors. By 3500 B.C. Egypt consisted of two separate nations: Upper & Lower Around 3100 B.C., Upper (in South) conquered Lower (North). Egypt : the 1st State

4. Symbols • Upper Egypt : White bowling pin hat. • Lotus. • Lower Egypt: Red chair like hat. • Papyrus. • Horus: Living Pharaoh • Osiris: Dead Pharaoh • Upper Egypt: Vulture • Lower Egypt: Cobra

5. Palette of Narmer Pre-Dynastic 3150-3125 B.C.

6. Burial of Kings and Royaltyand High Officials First mastabas were bench like structures made of mud brick. Burials were deep below earth with false chambers and doors to foil potential robbers. They contained offerings to the Ka and rooms for ka statues. Saqqara necropolis* for King Djoser had the first stone cut (limestone) pyramid. * Burial chamber, Temple, Houses for Priests,etc

7. Group of Mastabas Saqqara 4th Dynasty

8. Step Pyramid of King Djoser3rd. Dynasty • Imhotep is the first architect’s name in history. • Step pyramid, first cut of stone. • Deceased was mummified (70 day process ) • using natron. • Lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines were • placed into canopic jars. • Black to red or white. • Book of the Dead tucked between legs.

9. Sakkara Pyramid King Djoser

10. Ka statues, Relief Sculpture and Panel Painting • The Ka was the spiritual counterpart of the deceased. • All decorations were for the enjoyment of the Ka. • The statues looked exactly like the deceased. In the event that the body was removed, the Ka would recognize himself and could leap into the statue.

11. King Djoser 4th Dynasty

12. Plan of Funerary DistrictSaqqara

13. Papyrus-Shaped Half Columns Funerary District King Djoser, Saqqara

14. Portrait Panel of Hesy-raSaqqara 2600 B.C. Hesy-ra was a scribe in his life. He is pictured with writing tools. Palette of King Narmer established the canon for representing the human body. Heads are in profile to best represent the Nose, chin, and forehead. Full eye, profile Hips and feet but full torso. Social rank determines size.

15. Giza Pyramids Menkaure 2533-2515 B.C. Khafre 2570-2544 B.C. Khufu 2601-2528 B.C.

16. Pyramids at Giza4th Dynasty • Square base and four sloping triangles.\ • Maybe sloping sides were meant for ascension up to the Sun god Ra.\ • Kufu’s pyramid is the largest. • 13 acres • 2 ½ ton blocks • Built by unemployed farmers during the inundation (July to Nov.) Paid in food and clothing.

17. Giza Structure Pyramid of Khufu

18. Sphinx at Giza 2570-2544 B.C. 65 feet tall Carved from live rock

19. Khafre 2500 B.C. Giza Ka Statue Horus( Symbol for Pharaoh on earth) stands behind Khafre head. On side panel of throne, Lotus and Papyrus are entwined to show the unification of U and L Egypt. Diorite stone imported from Nubia.

20. Menkaure and His Wife Khamereneby 2515 BC Double portrait discovered in Menkaure’s Valley Temple. Traces of red (Menkaure) and white (Queen) on statues.

21. Prince Rahotep and Wife Nofret 2580 BC Men are always painted in red. Women are always painted in white. Because natron turned the mummy black, embalmers painted the bodies red or white.

22. Seated Scribe 2400 BC, Saqqara Scribe profession required difficult arduous training.

23. Ti watching Hippo Hunt 2510-2460 B.C. Tomb decoration for Ti’s Ka shows him watching a hippo hunt. Hippos were considered dangerous as they destroyed crops. In Egyptian mythology, Seth the evil god of darkness disguised himself as a hippopotamus.

24. Lady Sennuwy 1920 B.C.

25. Tomb of Nebamun (musicians and dancers) 1350 B.C.

26. Tomb Nebamun Thebes 1350 B.C.

27. Middle Kingdom • Middle Kingdom endured turbulent times • including an invasion of the Hyksos, • an Asiatic people, who ruled for over • 200 years. • They were expelled by the Kings of the 18th • Dynasty. • Contribution of the Hyksos: • They introduced the chariot and the horse to Egypt.

28. Queen Hatshepsut18th Dynasty, New Kingdom • Married her half brother. • When he died, she became • Co regent with stepson • Thutmose III for 20 years. • She built funeral temple • at Deir el-Bahri a • union of architecture and • landscape with terraced • trees, cliffs and flowing water and many • statues .

29. Complex was carved into a mountainside. Temple of Hatshetsup

30. Queen Hatshepsut Temple Deir El-Bahri 1478-1458 B.C.

31. Amenhotep IV was a the King of the 18th Dynasty. His power was eclipsed by the powerful priests of Amun. He destroyed the priesthood, and changed his name to Akenaten. His monotheistic religion honored only the sun god Aten, who was to be worshipped only through him, his divine priest. He changed the center of worship from Thebes to Tell-el-Amarna. Akenaten built a new temple to Aten at Karnak. Akhenaten and the art of the Amarna Period.

32. Nefertiti 1340 BC,Akenaten’s wife who gave him six daughters.

33. Royal couple receives blessing of sun god Aten. Ends of rays are Ankhs which give them the “breath of life.” Akhenaten and family 18th Dynasty 1355BC

34. Amenhotep IVAkhenaten 1348-1336 B.C. Was this distortion and elongation of features natural? Was this just the artists’ interpretation? Were the heads molded intentionally to represent the royalty?

35. Dynasty of Akhenaten Queen Tiy Akenaten’s mother.

36. Daughters of Akhenaten

37. Tutankamen,18th Dynasty • King Tut was a minor king who died at 18. • He was son of Akenaten and 6th daughter. • He returned to polytheistic religion and moved court back to Thebes. • In 1922, his grave was found by Harold Carter, archaeologist, with the support of his patron Lord Carnavon. • He lay inside 3 coffins and the last sarcophagus was over 240 lbs of gold.

38. King Tut 18th Dynasty

39. Hunefer’s Judgment • Anubis, the god of embalming and cemeteries, leads the deceased to the weighing station where his good deeds will be matched to the feather of Maat. • The Ibis headed god Throth will record the decision. • Anmut (hippo, lion, crocodile combo) “the • eater of the dead” awaits the verdict. • Hunefer passes with flying colors and Anubis • introduces him to the green faced Osiris, King • of the Underworld. • Osiris’ four sons whose heads are on the canopic jars • stand on a lotus blossom. • At top, Hunefer kneels before the nine gods of Heliopolis and the five personifications of life-sustaining principles.

40. Book of Dead of Hunefer 1285 B.C. The Weighing of the Heart and Judgment of Osiris

41. Egyptian Temples • Egyptians were a religious people. • Their chief deity was Amun. • Their temples stressed stability, monumentality • and durability. • They were eternal made of sandstone with • gold throughout. • They used post and lintel construction with • capitals of papyrus. • Only a few could enter the sacred rooms and • hypostyle hall.

42. Temple Amun at Luxor 1350 B.C.

43. Sun rises from central doorway at dawn. Pylon of Ramesses Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor 1279-1212 B. C.