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SKELETAL DISEASES NOTES

SKELETAL DISEASES NOTES. Osteoporosis: What is it? . Loss of bone density and mass Bones become more porous, increasing risk of fractures. Osteoporosis. 52 year old Female. 84 year old Female. Osteoporosis: Causes. More common in women, especially of Asian and European descent

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SKELETAL DISEASES NOTES

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  1. SKELETAL DISEASES NOTES

  2. Osteoporosis: What is it? • Loss of bone density and mass • Bones become more porous, increasing risk of fractures

  3. Osteoporosis 52 year old Female 84 year old Female

  4. Osteoporosis: Causes • More common in women, especially of Asian and European descent • Aging leads to a loss of osteoblasts  loss in bone density • With the onset of menopause (mid-forties to fifties), diminishing estrogen levels lead to excessive bone resorption (osteoclast activity)

  5. Osteoporosis: Treatment Age: • Vitamin D and calcium supplements • drugs that slow bone loss • frequent moderate exercise (help make bones stronger) Menopause: • drugs that raise estrogen levels

  6. Arthritis: What is it? • Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune (body attacking itself) disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity • Inflammation and swelling of flexible joints, destruction of articular cartilage, and ankylosis (fusion of joints)

  7. Arthritis

  8. Arthritis: Causes • Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear on articular cartilage due to age, injury, frequent use, or infection. • Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack articular cartilage leading to inflammationetc. While its cause is unknown, there is a genetic component and smokers are at increased risk.

  9. Arthritis: Treatment Depends on the cause… • Anti-inflammatory drugs (Advil, steroids) • cold-packs • immune-suppressing drugs (rheumatoid) • Physical Therapy (PT) • Surgery • Stem cells  regrow cartilage

  10. Scoliosis: What is it? • An abnormal curvature of the spine from side-to-side. Often not painful, but can be. Most often diagnosed and develops in adolescence. Also seen in elderly patients.

  11. Scoliosis: Causes • Mostly unknown. Can develop from problems in other parts of the body (spina bifida, cerebral palsy), arthritis, improper development of the spine at birth, or have genetic causes.

  12. Treatment • Bracing, surgery, PT, and chiropractics (older patients)

  13. Rickets: What is it? • Softening of bones which can lead to bone tenderness, bow-legged posture, improper skeletal development, tetany (uncontrolled muscle spasms)

  14. Rickets

  15. Rickets: Causes • Vitamin D deficiency • Lack of calcium in diet • Vitamin D is required for proper calcium absorption • Vitamin D is produced when you are exposed to sunlight (UV rays). Darker-skinned people require longer exposure to sunlight • Rarely seen in developed countries. Most commonly seen today in developing countries where children are malnourished.

  16. Treatments • Vitamin D supplement + Calcium supplement in diet • Exposure to sunlight

  17. Rickets • Children in developed nations don’t go outdoors as much and often play inside on their electronic devices. Why do you think rickets are not a problem then for children in these countries? • Milk + Vitamin D

  18. Blount’s Disease: What is it? • Bow-leggedness that becomes progressively worse with age. Often seen in children and adolescents. Associated with overweight individuals.

  19. Blount’s Disease: Causes • The inner part of the tibia under the patella fails to develop properly leading to a slanting of the bones, angled inward. • This developmental failure is often the result of extra stress placed on the tibia with obese individuals

  20. Blount’s Disease

  21. Blount’s Disease: Treatment • Bracing • Surgery • Diet/Exercise to promote long-term success of treatment

  22. Sprain: What is it? • Usually painful • Injured portion often swells and may turn black and blue • Occurs at joints. Result of an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint.

  23. Sprain: Causes • Most sprains result from a sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissues of the ligaments. • Common in athletes

  24. Sprain: Treatment • RICE: • Rest (first 48 hours using crutches, splint) • Ice (first 48 hours for 20 minutes every 3-4 hours) • Compression (wrap it snuggly) • Elevate (higher than heart)

  25. Kyphosis: What is it? • Deformity of the upper portion of the spinal column that results in severe forward bending of the spine (hunchback)

  26. Kyphosis

  27. Kyphosis: Causes • In children and adolescents, this condition may result from poor posture, misshapen vertebrae or problems during fetal development. • In adults, this condition is often the result of another disease, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, trauma, or cancer

  28. Kyphosis: Treatment • Exercise/Physical Therapy (if minor) • Bracing (moderate) • Surgery (severe)

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