Chapter 16

1. Chapter 16 Section 4 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa

2. 1500s - 2,000 slaves were sent each year 1780s - 80,000 a year

3. 10 million Africans (estimated) were sent to the Americas and approximately 2 million died in route

4. Some small African states disappeared as new slave trading states emerged

5. The new states waged war to gain control of slave trade profits

6. New states in West Africa were the Oyo, Bornu, Dahomey, and Asante kingdoms

7. In the late 1600s, Osei Tutu conquered neighboring peoples and organized the Asante kingdom

8. In the 1700s and 1800s, an Islamic revival in West Africa began with the Fulani people

9. Reforms were based on the Sharia (Islamic law) and a powerful Islamic state was established Mosque in Djenne, Mali

10. Literacy increased, local wars quieted, and trade improved, inspiring other reform movements

11. In 1652, the Dutch arrived in southern Africa and built Cape Town

12. Dutch farmers, called Boers, also settled around Cape Town

13. In the 1700s, Boers began to push north from the Cape Colony and battled several powerful African groups

14. A ruthless and brilliant Zulu leader, Shaka, emerged in the early 1800s

15. Between 1818 and 1828, Shaka waged war, conquering many nearby peoples and creating the Zulu kingdom

16. Shaka's half brother took over and the Zulus faced a new threat: well-armed, mounted Boers migrating north

17. In 1815, the Cape Colony passed to the British - many Boers resented British laws that interfered in their way of life

18. In the 1830s the Boers started north in what became known as the "Great Trek'

19. The migrating Boers came into contact with Zulus and fighting quickly broke out

20. At first, the Zulus held their own but in the end, Zulu spears could not defeat Boer guns

21. The struggle for control of the land would rage until the end of the century