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Rwanda

Rwanda. Lawrence Ahn A.P. Music Theory. About 10,000 Square Miles. 10,746,311. Hutu (84%). Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%). Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%) Twa (1%). Roman Catholic (56.5%). Protestant (26%). Seventh-Day Adventist (11.1%). Muslim (4.6%). None (1.7%). Tribal Religions (0.1%).

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Rwanda

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  1. Rwanda Lawrence Ahn A.P. Music Theory

  2. About 10,000 Square Miles

  3. 10,746,311

  4. Hutu (84%)

  5. Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%)

  6. Hutu (84%) Tutsi (15%) Twa (1%)

  7. Roman Catholic (56.5%)

  8. Protestant (26%)

  9. Seventh-Day Adventist (11.1%)

  10. Muslim (4.6%)

  11. None (1.7%)

  12. Tribal Religions (0.1%)

  13. “All these sites are very remarkable when you consider the trauma this country endured 16 years ago during the conflict that took place here.” – http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11

  14. History of Rwanda 1400s 1500s 1600s 1700s 1800s 1900s

  15. History of Rwanda Ethiopia 1400s Region was already inhabited by Twa and later dominated by the Hutus (1000 C.E.). 1500s 1600s The Tutsis move into Rwanda and start to establish states. 1700s 1800s Later dominate the region. 1900s

  16. History of Rwanda 1400s Single Tutsi state ruling almost all of Rwanda. 1500s Headed by king called mwami, who controls Tutsi vassals who rule different regions. 1600s Hutus still make up majority. 1700s 1800s 1900s

  17. History of Rwanda 1400s 1894 Count von Götzen from Germany enters Rwanda. Ruanda-Urundi Becomes part of German East Africa 1500s Visits mwami Rwabugiri, but mwami dies 1895. 1600s d Political turmoil follows (conflict over succession), and Germans move in from Tanzania 1897. 1700s 1800s Rwanda and Burundi colonized into Ruanda-Urundi. 1900s

  18. History of Rwanda 1400s German influence minimal in colony and WWI begins 1914. 1500s Germany invades Belgium. 1600s Belgium retaliates by attacking and taking Ruanda-Urundi in 1916. 1700s Becomes part of Belgian League of Nations as the mandate Ruanda-Urundi. Christian missionary work slowly begins. 1800s 1900s

  19. History of Rwanda 1400s 1926 – Belgium distributes identity cards to separate Hutus and Tutsis. 1500s ≥10 Cows = Tutsi <10 Cows = Hutu Caused racism and a notion that Tutsis were better than Hutus. 1600s 1700s 1962 – Rwanda declares its independence. Conflict grows; Hutu Manifesto published 1957. 1800s 1959 – the mwami Rudahigwa dies. 1961 – GrégoireKayibanda wins election. Party for Hutu Emancipation 1900s

  20. History of Rwanda 1400s 1973 – Kayibanda removed and replaced with Habyarimana. 1500s Hutus would naturally dislike this surrender. 1986 – Declares that Rwandan refugees fleeing the country can’t return. 1600s Intense period of genocide of Tutsis around 1994. RPF now committed to equality and calms the violence by 1999. 1700s 1987 – Rwandan exiles form RPF – Rwandan Patriotic Front. 1800s Habyarimana signs peace treaty with RPF 1993. Party for Hutu Emancipation 1900s

  21. Rwandan Environment • War has damaged environment. • Overused/infertile soil has made agriculture difficult. • Soil erosion and overgrazing. • Deforestation from constant cutting of wood for fuel. Flora: Mostly savanna grassland. Fauna: Elephant, Gorilla, Antelope, Crocodile, Lion, Hippos, Cow, Monkey.

  22. Instruments andCulture Ingoma drums made with wood and cow hide. • Rwandan Ballet unique to Rwanda. • “Ballet” – Belgium. • Traditional music mainly vocal, but instruments often used. Oral tradition. • Igitaramo – family gathers to dance, sing, and discuss accomplishments of day. • 5/8 rhythm ( ) unique to Rwanda. • Dance/music for celebrate. Inanga – wood, 8 strings from cow hide. Iron ikembe – Belgians introduced metals; hollow. Aerophones (aero = air, phone = sound): Trumpets made of antelope horns, bamboo flutes.

  23. Instruments andCulture • Rwandan Ballet has 3 parts. 1. Ballet 2. Intore (Dance of Heroes) 3. Ingoma (Drums) Rwandan Intore Dancers “Intore” means elite. Battle cries, celebration of victory.

  24. Instruments andCulture 5/8 Time 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eow2kewqYK8 (0:30) Intore http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osyPPI9MdKo&feature=related Professional drum makers use trees and animal hide (cow skin). 1 tree can provide 4-5 drums. Membrane heated to tune.

  25. Jean Paul Samputu (Pronounced “John”) • Born 1962, songwriter from Rwanda. • Survivor of genocide, working towards peace for his country. • Lost parents and siblings from the genocide. • Became an alcoholic, used drugs. • “It was in 2002 when I decided to forgive – to free myself…the power of forgiveness helped me to overcome the anger and the bitterness…” • -Jean Paul Samputu • (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24cZLZEGaoc) Album: Testimony from Rwanda Singizwa (Praise Be To God) – Christian influence. Try to hear the 5/8 beat. Ngarambe – Drum beat. http://www.amazon.com/Testimony-Rwanda-Samputu/dp/B0002VGR0E (Tambourine) Can sing in 6 languages! According to Wikipedia: Kinyarwanda, Swahili, Lingala, Luganda, French, English.

  26. Western Composer: George Winston • Considered New Age Artist. • New Age Music – gentle, melodic music originating in U.S. in 1980s; combination of jazz, folk, and classical music (Winston doesn’t like being tagged by this genre; some claim it’s not exactly New Age). • New Age – 1980s Western spiritual movement without adherence to a single, specific religious doctrine. • “Relaxing” music.

  27. Western Composer: George Winston • Background • Born 1949. Grew up mainly in Montana. Inspired by R&B, blues, jazz, and rock, began playing organ 1967. Later moved to MI/FL. • Switched to acoustic piano 1971 after hearing stride pianists Thomas Waller and Teddy Wilson. Developed his own style at the same time. • First album 1972 – Ballads and Blues. • Montana has a variety of wildlife (elk, deer, bear, moose, waterfowl). Left half of Montana is mountainous.

  28. Winter Into Spring • Rain • (Winston does not limit himself to seasons) • Other Albums: • Montana: A Love Story • Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions – A Hurricane Relief Benefit • Love Will Come – The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2 Left hand repetition. He will talk about Montana. 6/8Time. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFM3vMHh9XE

  29. Differences Unique 5/8 time signature necessary for dance. Drums maintain clear beat, inanga and aerophones add a melody. Historical Impact – Peace after genocide, Christian influence. • Constant left hand repetition and dynamics (crescendo, diminuendo) reflect varying intensities of rain. • Single instrument piano – produce melody instead of beat. • 6/8 time. • Purpose of music is relaxation or entertainment for audience. Similarities Environmental and Cultural Impact: Cows and savanna grasslands required to form instruments (Samputu). Montana rain influences deep, resonant notes (Winston). There is no strict beat (Common Time/Alla Breve) because complex time signatures are necessary to produce a feeling of continuity/flow. Strong bass sound: Lower keys in Rain, drums in Ngarambe.

  30. Citations/Bibliography • http://www.indexmundi.com/rwanda/demographics_profile.html • http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2 • http://maps.aridocean.com/maps_of_maryland_en.php • http://www.johomaps.com/af/africablank.html • http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/E_MxmxQEROuumEh9XbYBDQ • http://www.webflags.com/flags/r/rwanda.htm • http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-LOCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html • http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2 • http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm • http://peachesaresweet.wikispaces.com/ • http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbEnmGRUIX4UuvG6vr0BBg

  31. Citations Cont. • http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/press_corner/kenya-rwanda-visit.html • http://www.adventisti.lv/en/about-adventist-logo_en.php • http://www.illinoisfamily.org/informed/default.asp?s=754 • http://www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid=12324 • http://www.in-terre-actif.com/english/fichier/Rwanda_FactSheet.pdf • http://allafrica.com/stories/200909280661.html • Cultures of the World: Rwanda • http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/ • http://www.sendacow.org.uk/rwanda • http://www.rwandahotelguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/rwanda7216.jpg

  32. Citations Cont. • http://guitarteacher.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/using-unusual-time-signitures/ • http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11 • http://www.authenticword.org/IssueNo5.html • http://www.mapsofworld.com/rwanda/people-culture-festivals/intore-dancers.html • http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24 • http://www.kenbrown.info/stokes/wwi_map.htm • http://www.midlifegamer.net/2010/03/playing-away-germany/german_flag/ • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_nSAd9u9WA5I/TCxEZqlLTLI/AAAAAAAAAcc/7_lKmlrkNiQ/s1600/Akagera+031.jpg • http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qEnQFL9KeAY/S8orqgLjE8I/AAAAAAAAGAA/j-qwm0R1qVw/s1600/Habyarimana.jpg

  33. Citations Cont. • http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html • Clipart • http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html • http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24 • http://www.customdigitalmaps.com/custom-maps/free-maps/africa-map.gif • http://img.freebase.com/api/trans/image_thumb/en/gustav_adolf_von_gotzen?pad=1&maxheight=110&mode=fillcropmid&maxwidth=110 • http://www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Archives/rwabugiri.jpg • http://hutuandtutsis.wordpress.com/what-is-the-main-problem-of-our-research/ • http://nangamadumbu.tripod.com/ukozivuze/Kayibanda_Gregoire.jpg

  34. Citations Cont. • http://www.newtimes.co.rw/photos/14138-FRONT-PLANE.jpg • http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2690/4285463922_e7119e8c05.jpg • http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-FLORA-AND-FAUNA.html • http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-ENVIRONMENT.html • http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/Traditional/traditional.html • http://www.asza.com/iinanga.shtml • http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/3/33/Rwanda_bamboo_flute.jpg/200px-Rwanda_bamboo_flute.jpg • http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/burundi/ingoma.html • http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/pic/rwanda/ingoma.jpg

  35. Citations Cont. • http://www.thefreedictionary.com/New+Age+music • http://www.newagemusic.nu/george-winston-still-soloing/ • http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography • http://www.reedsburg.com/diane/winston.htm • http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859751.html • http://happyinmontana.com/MAPS/Montana_Map_Physical_Geography.jpg • http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/1206742220_gw_autumn.jpg • http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/1206742220_gw_summer.jpg • http://img3.nnm.ru/2/8/8/d/6/288d6ce0b0dc46b99f0ec66adb78ff1d.jpg • http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/1206742220_gw_plains.jpg • http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/2008-03/1206742220_gw_winter2spring.jpg

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