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Greek Geography. Mountains and islands created isolation Leads to independent Greek city-states Greek Mainland=peninsula= body of land with water on 3 sides Mild weather Blessed with lots of good harbors Mountains led to isolation led to political disunity
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Greek Geography Mountains and islands created isolation Leads to independent Greek city-states Greek Mainland=peninsula= body of land with water on 3 sides Mild weather Blessed with lots of good harbors Mountains led to isolation led to political disunity Most plentiful natural resources =trees Built ships from trees
Greek Geography continued Made living from sea=fished, sailed, traded Rocky soil= not ideal for planting Some places could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes Also herded sheep and goats Greece located east of Ionian Sea North of Mediterranean Sea West of Aegean Sea
Minoans + Mycenaeans = The Greeks Origins of the Greeks: Minoans & Mycenaeans 2800 B.C.E. - 1500 B.C.E.
The Minoans 2000 - 1375
Minoans (2800-1400 BCE) Archaeologists Arthur Evans discovered ruins of Minoans Minoans Lived on island of Crete Existed during Egypt’s Old Kingdom Government: Priest-kings Religion: Polytheists Cities NOT surrounded by walls http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg.
Ship Builders & Traders (main economy) Built ships from oak and cedar Farming Fishing Traded with Egypt and Syria Overpowered by Mycenaeans by 1400 BCE Or great earthquake destroyed them
Minoan Art Sculptures, Pottery, and Frescoes= made out of plaster with paintings on it.
Minoans created and traded pottery, leather, bronze armor, and metal jewelry. They also enjoyed sports such as boxing and bull leaping. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg
Minoan Fresco at the Palace of Knossos http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth.html.
Minoan fresco: Prince of Knossos http://www.graeco-roman.com/items/G4310.htm
Frescoes examples: dolphins trade bull
Bull Leaping Bull leaping or bull fighting was both a sport and a religious ceremony. Don’t try this at home.
The Palace One of the largest cities on Crete was Knossos. A great palace was located there - the Palace of Knossos where the legendary King Minos lived. Had working bathrooms
Labyrinth The palace had a Labyrinth= network of paths through which it was difficult to find one’s way. Labyrinth means double ax so the palace was called the “House of the Double Ax.” Tristen Waz Here and Dylan!! :P In this labyrinth, it is said, lived a Minotaur - a beast that was half man and half bull. To construct a labyrinth, go to www.puzzles.com/PuzzlePlayground/KnossosLabyrinth/KnossosLabyrinth.htm
Every year for nine years, seven youths and maidens came as tribute from Athens. These young people were also locked in the labyrinth for the Minotaur to feast upon. When the Greek hero Theseus reached Athens, he learned of the Minotaur and the sacrifices, and wanted to end this. He volunteered to go to Crete as one of the victims. Upon his arrival in Crete, he met Ariadne, Minos's daughter, who fell in love with him. She promised she would provide the means to escape from the maze if he agreed to marry her. When Theseus did, she gave him a simple ball of thread, which he was to fasten close to the entrance of the maze. He made his way through the maze, while unwinding the thread, and he stumbled upon the sleeping Minotaur. He beat it to death and led the others back to the entrance by following the thread.
Minoan Religion Polytheists Main god: Great Goddess, Mother Earth)
Minoan Religion Built shrines on housetops, hilltops, and in caves Why hilltops? Why caves? Offerings included: Human hair fruit flowers jewels gold Mother Earth
Mycenaeans (2000 - 900 BCE) Mycenae = ruins discovered by Heinrich Schliemann Lower Greece (lowlands) a.k.a. Peloponnesus Built fortress-palaces on hilltops Engaged in farming, herding, olive growing. Traded: gold & bronze
Mycenaeans Learned from Minoans: Shipbuilding, navigation, gold & bronze work, fashions, art, writing. Better warriors than traders (pirates) Became most powerful people in Aegean world by 1400 BCE Trojan War (1200s BCE) Conquered by Dorians (late 1200’s)
MYCENEAN PALACES Palaces served as central meeting places Home for the king and his administrators Warehouse for agricultural and manufactured products Marketplace Communications center Also served as religious centers Crowded with priests and priestesses
Troy War=Mycenaeans vs Trojans Mycenaeans led by King Agamemnon Trojans live in Troy Troy located in Asia Minor=modern day Turkey Trojans also good sailors and merchants Hate each other because both want to be the best merchants at sea Mycenaeans attack Troy=Trojan War=Trojan Horse=hidden soldiers in wooden horse Story told by blind Greek Poet Homer=epic The Iliad and the Odyssey
Iliad & Odyssey • Iliad and Odyssey important to historians because it gave information about: • War against Troy • Religion • Clothing, armor • Weapons • Ships • Culture
The Dark Ages The Mycenaeans never returned to a peaceful existence. The Dorians drove them out of Greece.
THE DARK AGE Although generally isolated and backward, the Dark Age did see some technological and cultural innovations that would create foundation for future Greek civilization Iron, for example, came into general use for weapons and agricultural implements People who fled Greece settled on Aegean Islands, coast of Asia Minor, and elsewhere, forming base for prosperous city-states that would develop there
The Dark Age 1100 - 750 BC) The Mycenaeans settled in the Aegean islands and on the western shore of Asia Minor. Later, this was known as Ionia. Greece enters period of Dark Ages because of Dorian Invasions, droughts, and earthquakes
One step back. . . This began a time of wandering and killing. Trade stopped. Many skills were forgotten including how to read and write, fresco painting, working with ivory and gold, etc.
END OF THE DARK AGE Greece broke out of its narrow isolation due to influence of Phoenician merchants around 800 BC Related to Canaanites Renewed Greek contacts with Middle East through trade Evidence is extensive Greeks adopted Phoenician/Canaanite alphabet Converted into their own alphabet Established trade contacts with Phoenician city-states in Syria
End of Dark Ages At end of Dark Ages farming increase= surplus of food Surplus of food=population growth=not enough room for people on island or lack of natural resources leads to colonization The scattering of Mainland Greeks leads to Greeks colonizing islands in between Asia Minor and Greece in the Aegean Sea and strips of Asia Minor 900 to 700 B.C. Which leads to trade at the end of the Dark Ages Goods they were not found in Greece could be gained through friendly trade Grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people Then Greeks started using coins=money end of barter and trade Lydians from Lydia in Asia Minor invented the idea of currency=money
A New Name: Eventually they developed independent communities and began calling themselves Hellenes, or Greeks.
City-States After Dark Ages cameron is my favorite student Kings become weak Landowners= nobles=aristocrats gain power Aristocrats control government Aristocracy = Oligarchy=few rule City-states form Cities act as own country Citizens of city-state=only male landowners Small farmers lose land to rich nobles Poor people and poor farmers start supporting tyrants=one man ruler absolute power=to reform unfair laws made by rich
Tyrants make things better for non citizens Non citizens then want citizenship and right to participate in government and overthrow tyrants Army of CITIZENS develops=Hoplites Used tight formation with big shields, spears, and daggers Tight formation=phalanx Poor being soldiers leads to them having more say in government
SPARTAN TRAINING I Every new-born infant examined by committee Abandoned to die if it showed any type of deformity Boys began military trainging at age 7 Remained members until age 18 Put through increasingly brutal series of classes designed to make them used to suffering and hardship Also designed to break down family relationships Girls still lived at home while boys lived away from parents Girls’ education focused on music, dancing, and mainly athletics
SPARTAN TRAINING II Began formal military training at age 18 as a soldier Took 2 years to complete At 20 yrs. old Applied for admission into a military club (regular army) after successful completion of training Membership was official indication that a boy had become a man Application for admission had to be voted on by other members of club Vote had to be unanimous Not allowed to marry or have a family for 10 years=30yrs. old Still had to have meals with club until he was 60 Military clubs formed basic unit of military service
HELOTS Spartan men given plots of land to support themselves after they joined a military club Did not work land themselves Work done by helots Slaves owned by the Spartan state Manufacturing also done by helots Spartan men lived off the work of others so that they could devote their entire life to being a soldier
SPARTAN GOVERNMENT Oligarchy= few people hold power=aristocrats= land owners Government = 2 kings, council, assembly, ephors Two kings Led army and Sparta in general Hereditary Council 28 man council All members over 60 years old Drew up proposals or laws for legislation Assembly of the Spartans All full male citizens over 30 Voted on legislative proposals Presided over by five elected officials called ephors enforced laws and managed tax collection King Leonidas
Solon Reform Limits power of rich & land ownership All male landowners could vote All debts were erased All enslaved due to debt, were freed All Athenian citizens able to participate in government in a assembly and courts Wealthy 400 wrote laws Assembly passed them(vote) Farmers still want him to take more land from rich
Peisistratus 30 years after Solon =turmoil Tyrant Peisistratus make reforms Divided large estates among landless farmers Loaned money to poor Created jobs for poor by increasing public works example: Built temples
The FirstDemocratic Constitution The First Democratic Constitution created by Cleisthenes in 508 BCE (lasted 300 yrs.) Assembly voted to make laws and elect generals 10 generals top and 1 acted as president=enforced laws & collected taxes Council of 500, chosen by lot, proposed laws, dealt with foreign affairs, oversaw treasury Women, foreign-born, & slaves still excluded from government Representation of Cleisthenes http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_2.shtml
Athens Government: Limited democracy (only male citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly. Soldiers: Citizen soldiers – only during wartime Slaves: No political rights or freedoms. Owned by individuals Women: Cared for the home, limited political rights. Education: Upper class boys only. Military training and preparation for government involvement. Knowledge was important for a democratic government. Sparta Government: Two kings (military generals) and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native born, over 30. Soldiers: Military society, all males prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30. Slaves Owned by the State Women: Prepared physically for fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men. Education: Boys only. Military based training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.
The Persians Cyrus the Great Persian King who defeated Babylon and ended the Jews’ captivity. Cyrus ruled from 559 to 530 B.C.E. and was a great leader, hence the name Cyrus the Great. Ruling Style He was very respectful of other cultures. Not only did he free the Jews, but he also treated conquered peoples fairly. He allowed them to keep their own religions and customs. This respect made the people who lived under him respectful of his rule and less likely to revolt.
