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Mannitol in Head Trauma: Controversy, Data, and Implications for Evidence-Based Neurosurgery

Mannitol in Head Trauma: Controversy, Data, and Implications for Evidence-Based Neurosurgery. Maya Babu. Summary. Head Trauma & Mannitol. 1.4 million people in the US sustain traumatic brain injury annually ( Langlois , 2007) 235,000 hospitalized; 50,000 die 2 types of brain insults

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Mannitol in Head Trauma: Controversy, Data, and Implications for Evidence-Based Neurosurgery

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  1. Mannitol in Head Trauma: Controversy, Data, and Implications for Evidence-Based Neurosurgery Maya Babu

  2. Summary

  3. Head Trauma & Mannitol • 1.4 million people in the US sustain traumatic brain injury annually (Langlois, 2007) • 235,000 hospitalized; 50,000 die • 2 types of brain insults • Primary insult: Due to trauma; irreversible • Secondary insult: Worsening ischemia due to intracranial pressure (ICP), edema, hypoxia • Mannitol as a treatment following head trauma first described in the literature in 1961 (Wise and Chater) • Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic (C6H8(OH)6) • 83% of critical care centers in the US use mannitol in >50% of their severely head-injured patients (Ghajar, 1995) • Used as a treatment in moribund trauma patients

  4. Controversy • Three papers by Dr. Julio Cruz, et al: • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2001;49(4):864-71. • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupilary widening. Neurosurgery 2002;51(3):628-38. • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E. Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004;100(3):376-83. • Co-authors unaware of the paper; had phone conversations with Cruz • No evidence of patient enrollment • No confirmation of Dr. Cruz’s affiliation • Dr. Julio Cruz committed suicide in 2005 • (2006) Cochrane Systematic Review: Reversed its position on high-dose mannitol

  5. Is mannitol dangerous….or just not that effective?

  6. Isovolume hypertonic solutes in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension Vialet et al, Critical Care Medicine (2003)

  7. Vialet et al: Question and Methods Question • How effective is mannitol compared to hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in refractory intracranial hypertension (ICH)? Methods • Prospective, Randomized Trial at a French Trauma Center • 20 consecutive patients with head trauma; GCS<8 • All patients received an ICP monitor • Interventions 2mL/kg of (1) 20% Mannitol or (2) 7.5% HSS • Aim: ICP <25 mm Hg or increase CPP > 70 mm Hg • Outcome measures: (1) Number and duration of episodes of ICH daily (2) Rate of failure for each treatment • Patients were monitored for 7 days

  8. Vialet et al: Results and Conclusions Results • Mean number of infusions (n.s.) • Mannitol=3.7 vs. HSS = 3.3 infusions • Mean number of ICH episodes daily (p<.01) • Mannitol = 13.3 vs. HSS = 6.9 episodes • Rate of clinical failure (p<.01) • Mannitol = 7 vs HSS = 1 patients Conclusion • Giving patients a higher osmotic load with HSS is more effective in treating ICH than mannitol Limitations • Small sample size • One-center • Type of solute or dosing?

  9. Comparison of mannitol regimens in patients with severe head injury undergoing intracranial monitoring Smith et al, Journal of Neurosurgery (1986)

  10. Smith et al: Question and Methods Question • Does changing mannitol dose depending on ICP monitoring affect outcomes? Methods • Prospective, randomized study • (1980-1982) Every head injury patient presenting to North Carolina Baptist Hospital: (1) within 6h of injury (2) with a GCS ≤ 8 for 6h • Exclusion criterion: Gun-shot wounds • n =80 (80% male, mean age=27) • All patients had ICP monitors and were intubated • Random assignment to: • Group I: Mannitol therapy based on ICP monitoring • ICP>25mm Hg, a 250 mL bolus • Uncontrollable ICP: 100 mL boluses (up to 1.5 g/kg*hr) • Group II: Mannitol therapy based on protocol • 250 mL bolus + .25 g/kg every 2h • Neurological deterioration: .75g/kg bolus and CT

  11. Smith et al: Results Results • Rates of mortality (n.s.): • Group I: 35% and II: 42.5% • Mean highest ICP for survivors (p<.05): • Group I: 35.2 mm Hg and Group II: 29.7 mm Hg • Mean highest ICP for non-survivors (p<.001): • Group I: 46.2 mm Hg and Group II: 40.7 mm Hg

  12. Smith et al: Conclusions and Limitations Conclusions • ICP guided mannitol administration does not influence mortality Limitations • Threshold of 25 mm Hg ICP before mannitol bolus may be too high • Mortality decreased from 46% to 28% after treating at 15 mm Hg (Saul & Ducker, 1982) • Some influence of cross-over effects from Group II

  13. Out-of-hospital administration of mannitol does not change systolic blood pressure Sayre et al, Academic Emergency Medicine (1996)

  14. Sayre et al: Question and Methods Question • Does out-of-hospital administration of mannitol affect systolic blood pressure adversely in a head trauma patient? Methods • Prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial • Patients transported via university-based medical helicopter to a Level I Trauma Center • 1991-1992: Intubated head trauma victims with a GCS<12 evaluated within 6h of injury • Exclusions: (1) <18 (2) already received mannitol/other diuretic (3) women < 50 years old (4) receiving CPR • n=41 • Interventions: (1) 5mL/kg of .9% saline (2) 5mL/kg 20% Mannitol • Primary endpoint: Change in systolic blood pressure over 2h

  15. Sayre et al: Results Results • Mortality (n.s.): • Mannitol (25%) vs. Control (14%) • Mean systolic BP (p<.01): • Mannitol (116 mm Hg) vs. Control (142 mmHg) • Urine output (p<.001): • Mannitol (1351 mL) vs. Control (634 mL) • Serum Na+ on hospital arrival (p<.00001): • Mannitol (130.6) vs. Placebo ( 139.1) • Blinded physician’s guess as to the intervention: • Resident: Correct in 11 of 13 cases • Investigator: Correct in 13 of 14 cases

  16. Sayre et al: Conclusions and Limitations Conclusion • Mannitol administered outside the hospital in this sample of patients did not lead to permanent morbidity Limitations • Diastolic blood pressure more sensitive than systolic • Included blunt and penetrating head trauma • Not all outcomes seemingly positive

  17. The University of Toronto Head Injury Treatment Study: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Pentobarbital and Mannitol Schwartz et al, The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences (1984)

  18. Schwartz et al: Question and Methods Question • How does treatment of ICH due to head trauma with mannitol compare to pentobarbital? Methods • (1980-1982): Prospective, Randomized Trial • Patients with elevated ICP (≥25 mm Hg) & GCS ≤7 • Some patients were randomized after hematoma evacuation; all patients received an ICP monitor • N=59 (80% male) • Interventions to maintain ICP < 20 mm Hg • (1) 20% Mannitol 1g/kg; 350mL as needed within serum osmolality of 320mOs/L • (2) Pentobarbital bolus up to 10mg/kg; continuous infusion of .5-3 mg/kg/hr provided that CPP >50 mm Hg • Cross-over after treatment failure occurred

  19. Schwartz et al: Results and Conclusions Results • Mortality rates for Evacuated Hematoma Patients (n.s.): • Pentobarbital: 40% and Mannitol: 43% • Mortality rates for Patients without Hematoma (p<.05): • Pentobarbital: 77% and Mannitol: 41% • Twice as many pentobarbital patients had treatment failure (p<.0001) Conclusion • Pentobarbital is no better than mannitol for the treatment of ICH, and may in fact be harmful Limitations • Hematoma removal and intracranial hypertension • May be evaluating CPP

  20. What do these papers tell us? Dosing, Timing, and Appropriateness of Mannitol are in Doubt

  21. Guidelines from AANS and CNS • Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury (Level II/III): • Mannitol is effective for control of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) at doses of 0.25 g/kg to 1 g/kg body weight • Arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) should be avoided • Restrict mannitol use prior to ICP monitoring to patients with signs of transtentorialherniation or progressive neurological deterioration not attributable to extracranial causes Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Hyperosmolar therapy. J Neurotrauma 2007;24(Suppl 1):S14-S20.

  22. Future Directions • Mannitol versus other solutions • More effective infusions with a higher osmotic load? • Potential pitfalls of mannitol (Kaufmann & Cardoso, 1992) • Research in trauma settings • Challenging to limit the influence of intervention cross-over

  23. Mannitol Controversy: Conclusions • Evidence-based neurosurgery: an analytic approach • Health reform shaped by “evidence-based medicine” • Stimulus included $1.1 B for Comparative Effectiveness Research • Food & Drug Administration approvals • Reimbursement guidance1 (1) Dhruva et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2009

  24. Evidence-Based Medicine "Half of what you'll learn in medical school will be shown to be either dead wrong or out of date within five years of your graduation; the trouble is that nobody can tell you which half -- so the most important thing to learn is how to learn on your own…" -Dr. David Sackett, evidence-based medicine pioneer

  25. “Human beings are not uniform in their biology. Rather than rigidity, flexibility is appropriate in applying evidence from clinical trials. A good doctor exercises sound clinical judgment by consulting expert guidelines and assessing ongoing research….but then decides what is quality care for the individual patient. And what is best sometimes deviates from the norms.” -Jerome Groopman & Pamela Hartzband, Wall Street Journal, 2009

  26. Acknowledgements • Dr. Clark Chen

  27. Thank you!

  28. References • Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Hyperosmolar therapy. J Neurotrauma 2007;24(Suppl 1):S14-S20. • Ghajar J,Hariri RJ,Narayan RK, et al.Survey of critical caremanagement of comatose, head-injured patients in the United States. Critical Care Medicine 1995;23(3):560–7. • Wise BL, Chater N: Effect of mannitol on cerebrospinal fluid pressure: The actions of hypertonic mannitol solutions and of urea compared. Arch Neurol 4:200-202, 1961. • Kaufmann AM, Cardoso ER. Aggravation of vasogenic cerebral edema by multiple-dose mannitol. J Neurosurg. 1992 Oct;77(4):584-9 • Vialet R, Albanese J, Thomachot L, Antonini F, Bourgouin A, Alliez B, et al.Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. CriticalCareMedicine 2003;31(6):1683–7. • Smith HP, Kelly DL Jr, McWhorter JM, et al.Comparison of mannitol egimens in patients with severe head injury undergoing intracranial monitoring. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986;65(6):820–4. • Sayre MR, Daily SW, Stern SA, Storer DL, van Loveren HR, Hurst JD. Out-of-hospital administration ofmannitol does not change systolic blood pressure. Academic Emergency Medicine 1996;3(9):840–8. • Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: • a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2001;49(4):864-71. • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupilary widening. Neurosurgery 2002;51(3):628-38. • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E. Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: a randomized trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004;100(3):376-83. • Wakai A, Roberts I, Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD001049. • Roberts I, Smith R, Evans S. Doubts over head injury studies.BMJ 2007;334:392-394,

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