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Proteins & Enzymes

Proteins & Enzymes. Levels of structure Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Types of bonds Importance of interaction: Hb Enzyme activity Specificity Models of action: activation NRG Effects pH & temp Allosteric effects Structural proteins. Lipids. Structure: fatty acid + glycerol

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Proteins & Enzymes

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  1. Proteins & Enzymes • Levels of structure • Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary • Types of bonds • Importance of interaction: Hb • Enzyme activity • Specificity • Models of action: activation NRG • Effects pH & temp • Allosteric effects • Structural proteins

  2. Lipids • Structure: fatty acid + glycerol • Role in membranes • Phospholipid: hydrophobic/philic • NRG storage • Special roles • Sterols • Waterproofing-cuticles

  3. Carbs • Basic structure: (CH2O)n • Monomers VS polymers • Functions • Glycolysis & respiration • Storage: ex starch • Structural: ex cellulose • Recognition on cell membrane

  4. Nucleic acids • Nucleotide unit structure: • PO4, sugar, base • RNA vs DNA • Genetic code & variation

  5. Cell membranes • Phospholipid bilayer • Transmembrane proteins • Channels • Gated: V, ligand, etc • Receptors • 2nd messenger system • Pumps

  6. Membrane function • Pumps & channels • Exo & endocytosis • Gradients as NRG storage • (see photo & resp) • Water potential: iCRT • Recognition • Intercellular structure: tight, gap j.

  7. Cytomembrane system • Parts: RER & SER, Golgi, vesicles • Imbedded VS secreted proteins • Special organelles: lysosome, etc

  8. Nucleus • Nuclear membrane & traffic; Link to: • RNA processing • Signaling & Gene control • Chromosome structure • Levels of coiling • Relation to protein components: histones • Relation to mitosis & to gene control

  9. Mitochondria & chloroplasts • Evolution of… • Relation to bacterial membranes • Membrane structure related to function • Electron transport • Proton gradients • ATP synthase

  10. Cytoskeleton • Really “cytomusculoskeleton” • Structural protein • Molecular motors • Specializations: • Cilia & flagella (eukaryotic) • Special cell f(): muscle • Universal f(): mitosis

  11. Cell cycle • M, G1, S, G2 • Stages of mitosis & cytokinesis • Special cases: eggs, etc. • Role of controls: • Embryo development • Cancer • Apoptosis

  12. Meiosis • Sex & recombination • Relation to independent assortment • Crossing over • Steps in meiosis • Evol eggs vs sperm; an/isogamy • Problems: • Down’s, polyploidy

  13. Mendelian genetics • Segregation • Independent assortment • Dihybrid crosses • Dominance & incomplete dominance • Multiple alleles: ex ABO

  14. Non-Mendelian patterns • Sex-linked inheritance • Epistasis & pleiotropy • Autosomal linkage • Extra-chromosomal inheritance • Mitochondrial DNA • Maternal effects • imprinting

  15. Molecular Genetics • DNA replication • Semi-conservative, Meselson-Stahl • Mutations • Point substitution, insertion, deletion • Large duplications, deletions • repair

  16. Genotype-> phenotype • Transcription • mRNA synthesis • mRNA editing • Translation • Ribosomes & RER • tRNA & amino acids

  17. Gene control • Operons - prokaryotes • Positive & negative controls • Eukaryotic control • Chromosome structure • DNA modification: CH3 & CH3CO • Enhancers & inhibitors • Alternate editing

  18. Genetic technology • Reading genes: automated processes • Copying genes: PCR • Manipulating genes • Recombinant DNA • KO mice • Cloning • iRNA gene control

  19. Evolution • Darwin’s theory • Inherited variation • Population potential (Malthus) • Variation in survival/reproduction • Modern synthesis • Sources of variation • Mechanisms of inheritance

  20. Evolution: macro evidence • Fossil records • Age of earth: methods • Changes in spp. over time • Biogeography • Island evolution • Comparative morphology & embryology • Comparative molecular genetics

  21. Evolution: micro • Evidence: direct observation Of selection • Types of selection • Directional • Stabilizing • Heterozygote superiority • Disruptive • Sexual selection

  22. Evolution: speciation • Geographic isolation • Isolating mechanisms • Pre-zygotic • Post-zygotic • Non-random mating

  23. Evolution: major events • Origins of life • RNA hypothesis • Cells & DNA • Autotrophy • Photosynthesis System II & O2 • Aerobic respiration • Eukaryotic cells- endosymbiosis

  24. Evolution: major events 2 • Multicellular organisms • Sexual reproduction • Invasion of land • Mass extinctions • Biosphere modification by 1 sp (!guess who)

  25. Major groups • Prokaryotes • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists-- “bad group” • Fungi • Plants • Animals Life Cycles NRG sources Body plans & development

  26. Plants • Evolution for terrestrial life • Support • H2O balance • Transport • Reproduction • Sex • dispersal

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