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Victorian Tech

Victorian Tech. Another random production from Inferno Studios. Stocking Frame. Invented in 1589 by William Lee of Calverton First major development toward mechanization of textile industry Called “stocking machine” because it was used to make socks (stockings)

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Victorian Tech

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  1. Victorian Tech Another random production from Inferno Studios

  2. Stocking Frame • Invented in 1589 by William Lee of Calverton • First major development toward mechanization of textile industry • Called “stocking machine” because it was used to make socks (stockings) • It was essentially a frame of hooks around which knitting loops could be made • Allowed an entire row of loops to be made at one time, making it easier to produce knitted fabrics • Led to subsequent development of the modern knitted fabrics industry – all the machines are based upon this simple device

  3. Steam Engine • Steam –powered device providing mechanical energy • First practical device: Thomas Newcomen, 1712 • Two major uses: stationary engine and steam-powered locomotive • Stationary: Provided mechanical energy necessary for the operation of other equipment; allowed work to proceed faster and with less interruption • Locomotive: Provided necessary power to move a locomotive, which revolutionized transportation • Impact: • Allowed faster pace production of goods and materials • Stimulated trade: faster transportation of goods and people

  4. Spinning Jenny • Invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves • Interestingly enough, caused a personal crisis for him at the hands of the experienced weavers • Machine used for spinning thread • Used one spinning wheel to turn a number of spindles in tandem, allowing a large amount of thread to be spun with ease • Increased speed of textile manufacturing

  5. Punch Loom • Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752 – 1834) • Upset with poor labor conditions • Used punch cards with rows of holes in them • Each row of punched holes corresponds with one row of the design • A card for each row is strung together, forming a complete design • These cards controlled the loom’s operation • Impacted the creation of electronic devices (old ones) • Idea of punch cards used to develop first automated calculator and eventually early computers

  6. Bobbin-net Machine • Invented by John Heathcoat in 1809 • Allowed industrial production of lace, which was previously labor-intensive and quite expensive • Essentially mimicked the motions of the human fingers assembling lace • Machine was quite complicated • Produced an uproar amongst the lace-makers, whose skill was greatly devalued (similar to the spinning jenny) • Impact: • Lace became much cheaper and easier to produce • More people could afford lace, which increased long-term demand • Became an economic boon rather than a hindrance

  7. Railway System • 1804: Richard Trevithick constructed the first steam locomotive • 1830: First commercially successful railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway is completed • 1854: Rail system greatly developed; nearly every city and town in England is connected • Became most popular method of transport for people and goods • Contributed greatly to industrial development during mid-late 1800’s • Fast transportation of materials = fast growth of industry

  8. Railway – London Underground • First built in 1863 • Opened between Paddington and Farrington with six intermediate stations • Has since grown to 270 stations and eleven lines going deep into the suburbs of London • Continued rapid development of London would not have been possible without the Tube • Originally required vents due to smoke • Changed with later development of electromotive drive

  9. London Underground - Impact • Originally described by the London Times as “an insult to common sense” in 1862 • Later became part of the character of London • Enabled outward expansion of London to the surrounding areas • People could still quickly travel to the inner city, which was previously the prohibiting factor on expansion • Drove engineering forward as more advanced technology was required to deal with increased numbers of people using the system

  10. Telegraph • Preceded by development of battery (Charles Volta) • Developed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in May 1837 • First used commercially with the Great Western Railway • Worked with underground wires • Sept. 1845: Electric Telegraph Company formed • First public telegraphy company in the world • Trans-Atlantic Line • Laid • Was 1870 miles long (3000 km)

  11. Stereoscope • Device for viewing 3-D imagery • Eyes view different pictures; brain combines to form one 3-D image • Invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838 • Was a leisure item with no major impact on technological development • Did have some effect on advances in optics

  12. Steel • Alloy of carbon and iron • Produced using Bessemer process • Blowing air through pig iron • 1875: Britain had 47% of world’s steel production • 1896: 22.5% of world production • Supplanted by open-hearth process beginning in 1890 • Impact: • Steel could be used in making larger machines – greater quality enabled • Allowed advances in machine technology with greater quality material

  13. Sir Charles Wheatstone • 1802 - 1875 • Co-inventor of electric telegraph • Invented stereoscope • Received the Royal Medal in 1840 and 1843 • Awarded for “distinguished contributions in applied sciences” • First for physiology, second for physics • Received Copley Medal in 1868 • Royal Society’s oldest award; for outstanding research and achievements in any branch of science

  14. James Watt • 1746 – 1813 • Architect remembered for Gothic country homes • Stayed in Italy for six years, returned in 1768 • Designed London Pantheon upon return, inspired by Hagia Sophia • Pantheon made Wyatt famous in London • Elected to Royal Academy in 1785 • Impact: Bridge between Gothic architecture and medievalism of early 19th century

  15. Joseph Paxton • 1803 - 1865 • Gardener, architect, writer • Designed the Crystal Palace • Worked on layout of public parks • Suggested improvements for Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew • Became wealthy through speculation in booming railroad industry

  16. Effects of Industrialization • Most notable effect: Faster production of goods and materials • Variety of subsequent effects, including: • Accelerated economy • Faster transportation • Cheaper goods => greater quality of life • Pollution • Pollution became a major problem, as there was no legislature in place to control it • Smoke and emissions from steam engines and steel refineries was not controlled nor filtered • Summer 1858: Great Stink • Pollution became so bad that areas near the river were uninhabitable

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