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Chapter 1 - History of Psychology

Chapter 1 - History of Psychology. Degrees in Psychology. 1. BA-this degree is not very helpful in getting a job, but there are some out there 2. Masters-this degree may allow one to get a job in a clinic and hospital settings, but often under the supervision of someone with a higher degree.

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Chapter 1 - History of Psychology

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  1. Chapter 1 - History of Psychology

  2. Degrees in Psychology • 1. BA-this degree is not very helpful in getting a job, but there are some out there • 2. Masters-this degree may allow one to get a job in a clinic and hospital settings, but often under the supervision of someone with a higher degree

  3. 3. PhD-this degree goes beyond a masters and is highly recognized as a superior degree. This degree is more research-oriented and there are many who are opting for the PsyD today. • 4. PsyD-This is a newer degree that is becoming one of the most competitive degrees around. A PsyD is more application-oriented, in that you do a lot of practical work in lieu of research.

  4. 5. EdD-This degree is a doctorate in the field of education, usually for the position of an educational psychologist or a school psychologist • Many states also require licensure. In the state of New Jersey, you cannot call yourself a psychologist until you pass your licensing exams (this is beyond your PhD work)

  5. Careers in Psychology • 1. Academics- • teach classes • conduct research.

  6. 2. Educational psychologist-Studies how people behave, think and learn. Deal with special education, counseling, assessment. • Try to understand: • - how students learn (e.g., learning styles) • - best ways to teach (e.g., block scheduling) • - best school environment for learning (e.g., placement of desks, color of walls, safety) • - achievement and motivation, curriculum and instruction and assessment.

  7. 3. School Psychologist

  8. 4. Industrial/Organizational- • -try to make the workplace better for employees • -try to determine best work environment • how to best position desks • how to obtain better worker output • how stress affects employees, how to motivate others

  9. Industrial-Organizational Psych cont’d • -may tell companies, such as those who design cars or airplanes where to place instruments so as to cause the least amount of stress

  10. 5. Consumer Psychologist- • Study people and the processes they pursue as they purchase consume goods and services. • Look at how attitudes influence behavior and how groups influence individuals. • Advise companies as to how to best package an item, slogans, etc.

  11. Bellevue 6. Clinical Psychologist- May work in private practice, hospitals, do psychological testing, etc. Do a lot of individual therapy and deal with major problems such as schizophrenia, major depression, psychosis, etc. Should have PhD, but many find work with a Masters

  12. 7. Counseling Psychologist- • W ork with those who have more everyday adjustment problems, such as depression, divorce, family problems, self-esteem issues, etc. • H elp to prevent these problems from becoming a major disruption in a person’s life.

  13. 8. Community Psychologist- • May act as a crisis intervention center within the community they serve. • Deal with situations that may involve grief, racial tensions, and those released from mental institutions. • In states that require licensing, a PhD is required.

  14. 9. Environmental Psychologist-This person may deal with looking at how crowding, temperature and multiculturalism affect an area or the society as a whole (e.g., why the suicide rate in Seattle is so high). Masters or PhD

  15. 10. Forensics-Diagnosis, evaluation, treatment and testimony regarding criminal’s behavior, psychopathology, and the law. • They do expert testimony, psychological assessment, consultation for law firms, corporations, judge competency of accused to stand trial, assist with jury selection, trial strategy, eyewitness testimony and cross examinations. May testify at custody hearings.

  16. Forensics cont’d • Also visit crime scenes to determine how a crime was committed, who most likely committed the crime, and determine a motive for the crime (now called criminal profiling). This area pays very well, but there are psychological consequences for the psychologist as well very often.

  17. 11. Criminal psychologist-This person deals with the hows and whys of the criminal-that is, what made this person become a criminal in the first place? They research the backgrounds of criminal’s, often by conducting interviews with the criminal to determine what went wrong in their lives.

  18. 12. Sports Psychologist-This person may work with athletes in regards to pain management, motivation, and advice on how to make a team better.

  19. 13. Health Psychologist – This is a newer field in which people study how a person’s health affects them psychologically and vice versa • Study why ulcers and heart disease occur and how diseases may cause depression as well as how depression may cause diseases

  20. Schools of Thought • 1.  Behaviorism-early 1900’s. John Watson (1878-1958) founder. Stated that: • scientific psychology should be based on observable behavior. • psychologists should abandon consciousness altogether. • Behavior is deterministic, that is, all behavior is caused by past events and that one’s environment will shape who they become

  21. Behaviorism cont’d • Believed behavior could be observed directly – consciousness could not • Behavior is any overt (observable) response or activity of an organism. • Believed people are shaped to become who they are.

  22. B.F. Skinner Skinner believed we are all controlled by our environment “free will”, that is, one’s choice as to who they become, is an illusion. • The Skinner Box (left) demonstrated that animals (therefore humans) could be trained in specific behaviors

  23. Schools of Thought • 2. Cognitive-Jean Piaget. This area of psychology deals with the thought processes and growth of human beings, but particularly with the changes that take place in children.

  24. Cognitive cont’d (Piaget) • The cognitive school of thinking recognizes and tries to change irrational thinking • Today, many psychologists are cognitive-behavioral psychologists, that is, they recognize that cognitions often influence behavior and vice versa

  25. Schools of Thought • 3. Gestalt-1912-1940’s. Founded by Max Wertheimer (1880-1943). Stated that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. • interactive effect of brain structures

  26. Schools of Thought • 4.  Psychoanalytic-Freud A. Freud is considered to be the father of psychology because of the revolution psychology had due to his work. - focuses on childhood and the unconscious mind

  27. Psychoanalytic cont’d • B. Carl Jung-Introduced concept of introvert (those who keep to themselves) and extravert (those who are outgoing and sociable). • Introduced the concepts of the personal and collective unconscious.

  28. Psychoanalytic cont’d • C. Alfred Adler- • Believed that all humans suffer from feelings of inferiority and that we spend our whole lives trying to overcome this inferiority. • Some overcompensate by developing a superiority complex (believing that they are better than others-often a reflection of feelings of inferiority)

  29. Psychoanalytic cont’d • D. Karen Horney- • Felt Freud’s views saying they were sexist and underestimated the human being as a purely sexual being • Did not agree with Freud’s assessment of people’s sexual urges as driving most of their behavior.

  30. Schools of Thought • 5.  Humanism-1950’s. Emphasize unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth. They say personality is neither nature vs. nurture – it is one’s choice

  31. Humanism cont’d • B. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)-says people strive to self-actualize, that is, to reach their fullest human potential. • Believed that people must go through a series of stages in order to self-actualize

  32. Schools of Thought • 6. Biological – believed that in order to understand human behavior and thinking, one must study: • Nervous system • Genetics • Endocrine system • Effects of drugs on the body and the brain

  33. Schools of Thought • 7. Social-cultural – examine how thoughts and behaviors vary from culture to culture • Emphasize how one’s culture will impact on how they think and act • Looks at cultural norms and how they change over time

  34. Schools of Thought • Today, when psychologists are asked which school of thinking or perspective they agree with, most will label themselves as eclectic • Eclectic – drawing on more than one school of thinking or perspective when examining client’s behaviors and thinking; that there is no one right way to view behavior

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