The Middle East in the World Today

1. The Middle East in the World Today Chapter 28

2. Chapter Focus Examine current conflict and compromise in the Middle East Learn about the importance of the Middle East to the rest of the world From Cold War � Present Founding of Israel Development of the Arab-Israeli conflict Contribution of the Middle East to literature and the arts

3. Regional and Global Issues Section 1

4. Regional & Global Issues Key Terms Worksheet Nonaligned movement Partitioned Refugees Occupied territory Reprisals Intifada

5. Key Terms Refugees � Thousands of Jewish Refugees from Europe moved to Palestine after World War II Occupied Territories Palestinians living the occupied territories have demanded self-rule Reprisals Israeli reprisals against Palestinian attacks have been swift and harsh Intifada In 1987, Palestinians launched the intifada against continued Israeli rule Sephardim Calligraphy Calligraphy is often used as decoration in Islamic art

6. Find Out Why does the Middle East have global importance? How did the Cold War affect the Middle East? How did the actions of OPEC affect nations around the world? What were the results of the Iran-Iraq and Persian Gulf wars?

7. Explain why the Middle East has Global Importance World�s dependence on oil Strategic Importance Oil needed for Industry Command vital trade routes (water) Suez Canal Turkish Straits Persian Gulf

8. The Middle East and the Cold WarDiscuss how the Cold War affected the Middle East Superpower rivalry (US vs. USSR) Both superpowers sent huge amounts of arms and aid to the Middle East during the Cold War Turkey Soviet efforts to expand made Turkey a focus of the Cold War conflict in 1945 Turks resisted Soviet pressure NATO

9. The Middle East and the Cold WarDiscuss how the Cold War affected the Middle East Economic & Military Aid Nonaligned nations accepted aid Strengthened military forces and increased instability to region Afghanistan 1979 Soviet Union invasion 1989 Soviet Union leaves (Vietnam) A turning point (end of the Cold War) Attempt to resolve Arab-Israeli conflict

10. The Power of OPECExplain how the actions of OPEC affected nations around the world OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960) Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia & Venezuela (expanded to 11 members) Major Goal Control the price of oil Increase its members� profits

11. The Power of OPECExplain how the actions of OPEC affected nations around the world Actions Oil as a weapon 1973 � Arab nations vs. Israel Stop shipment of oil to nations that supported Israel Global effects Oil prices impact world economy Limit dependence on oil

12. Two Wars in the Persian GulfAnalyze the results of the Iran-Iraq and Persian Gulf wars Iran-Iraq War 1980 � border issues = war Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader Shatt-al-Arab (key water-way, Persian Gulf) Attempt to end Iran�s support of Iraqi Shittes Global significance when both nations attacked oil tankers in the Persian Gulf 1988 UN cease-fire

13. Two Wars in the Persian GulfAnalyze the results of the Iran-Iraq and Persian Gulf wars Persian Gulf War Immediate Cause: Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Saddam Hussein claimed Kuwait belonged to Iraq (Ottoman times) August 1990 UN & trade embargo US & coalition forces �Desert Storm�

14. Two Wars in the Persian GulfAnalyze the results of the Iran-Iraq and Persian Gulf wars Ongoing tensions UN trade sanctions UN arms inspectors Investigate Iraq�s weapons program United States wanted Iraqis to force Saddam out of power

15. The Arab-Israeli Conflict Section 2

16. The Arab-Israeli Conflict Skill Practice Reading a Thematic Map Daily Life Worksheet A Kibbutz in Israel Jerusalem Timeline

17. Find Out Why was Israel founded? Why have Arab nations attacked Israel? What issues have made the Arab-Israeli conflict hard to resolve?

18. The Founding Of IsraelDiscuss Why Israel was Founded Determination of Jewish survivors of Hitler�s death camps to set up a Jewish state � Israel Post World War II Violence between Arabs and Jews in British mandate Palestine increased 1947 � UN recommended that Palestine be divided into a Jewish and Arab state Zionists � Accept Arabs � Reject

19. The Founding Of IsraelDiscuss Why Israel was Founded May 1978 � British troops leave Palestine Jews announce the creation of the state of Israel Israel vs. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq & Lebanon Israel � defeated divided Arab forces Annexed half the area set a side for an Arab state under the UN partition plan Half of Jerusalem Jordan � took the rest of Arab Palestine Egypt � occupied the Gaza Strip

20. Continued ConflictExplain why Arab nations have attacked Israel 1956 � Nasser Nationalized Suez Canal 1967 � Arab-Israeli War 1973 � Syria & Egypt vs. Israel The Cold War US supported Israel Soviet Union supported Israel�s enemies 1964 & the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Goal: set up a Palestinian State Bring about destruction of Israel 1970 � King Hussein of Jordan Civil War in Lebanon Lebanon 1982

21. Building a Nation The people Most Israelis are Jews Come from a variety of cultures Economic development Mixed economy High standard of living 1987 & the intifada �the shaking� Result � increase in world pressure for peace talks in the Middle East

22. Peace Efforts 1977 �Anwar Sadat (Egyptian president) Agreed to peace talks with Israel 1979 � Egypt & Israel Peace Treaty 1991 � Arab & Israeli Peace Talks Madrid, Spain Yassir Arafat, PLO Leader Destruction of Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state Hammas � Islamic fundamentalists Ties to Iran Israel�s Historic Right

23. The Unknown Peacemakers 1992 � Talk about Peace Yair Hirschfel, Israeli professor of history Ahmed Karia, aka Abu Alaa, official in the PLO The Oslo Accords (1993 � Israel & PLO) Israel and the PLO would recognize each other PLO would give up attacks on Israel Israel would withdraw its forces from parts of the occupied territories Israel agreed to limited self-rule for Palestinians in Gaza & Jericho

24. The Unknown Peacemakers A surprised world (August 1993) Oslo accords made public U.S. President Clinton Historic Handshake Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli prime minister Yassir Arafat, PLO chairman

25. Ongoing IssuesIdentify the issues that have made the Arab-Israeli conflict hard to resolve 1993 � Oslo accords Framework for peace 1998 � PLO drops its cal for the destruction of Israel 1994 � Israel and Jordan Peace Agreement

26. Literature and the Arts Section 3

27. Find Out What traditions influenced Muslim literature? What themes appear in the works of modern writers in the Middle East? What art forms did Islamic civilization produce? What are some trends in modern Middle Eastern art and music?

28. Literature of the Islamic World Identify the traditions that influenced Muslim literature Koran � model for Arabic literature Poetry Poems used to express love, war & courage Praise leaders & abuse enemies Firdawsi Shah-nama or �Book of Kings� Omar Khayyam � Persian poet best known to western world Astronomer, mathematician, philosopher & physician

29. Literature of the Islamic World Identify the traditions that influenced Muslim literature Folktales The Thousand and One Nights A Tale From The Arabian Nights Define Incommoded � inconvenience, disturb Repast � a supply of food and drink served as a meal Scimitar � a curved sword used chiefly by Arabs and Turks Answer Questions 2-5

30. Modern WritersDiscuss the themes that appear in the worlds of modern writers in the Middle East Arabic literature Themes Conflict between Arab & western cultures Disruptions caused by modernization Naguib Mahfouz � most popular modern writer in the Arab world The Cairo Trilogy Nobel Prize for literature, 1988

31. Modern WritersDiscuss the themes that appear in the worlds of modern writers in the Middle East Israeli literature Revival of Hebrew as a modern spoken language Themes Jewish diaspora Holocaust Arab-Israeli conflict Shmuel Yosef Agnon � novelist Nobel Prize for literature, 1966 The Day Before Yesterday Yehuda Amichai � poet Songs of Jerusalem and Myself

32. Architecture and ArtDescribe the art forms produced by Islamic civilization Architecture Blended Greek, Roman, Persian, and Islamic traditions Dome of the Rock Jerusalem

33. Architecture and ArtDescribe the art forms produced by Islamic civilization Decorative arts Miniature painting Calligraphy Carpet weaving Modern artists Israel

34. MusicDiscuss the trends in modern Middle Eastern art and music Muslim religious leaders disapproved Popular music unites Muslims Umm Kalthum Cheb Khalid