Chapter 13 pt. 2: Physiology of Emotion, Detecting Lies, and Experiencing Emotion

1. Chapter 13 pt. 2: Physiology of Emotion, Detecting Lies, and Experiencing Emotion

2. The Physical Arousal of Emotion is Controlled by The Autonomic Nervous System • It is very difficult to differentiate the physical arousal associated with many emotions (hurts James-Lange Theory) even though they definitely feel different. • The arousal associated with emotions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system’s divisions the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

3. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Autonomic Nervous System’s Division

4. Arousal’s Impact on Performance • Review: • What types of tasks are performed best with high amounts of arousal? • What types of tasks are performed bets with low amounts of arousal?

5. Arousal and Performance Performance level Low Arousal High

6. Can Measuring Arousal Detect Lies? • Polygraph: machine commonly used to in attempts to detect lies. • Measures Physiological Responses to Emotion Including: • perspiration • heart rate • blood pressure • breathing changes

7. Questioning Process With The “Lie Detector” • 1. Ask Control Question which you are most likely guilty of (Probable lie). • Have you ever stolen anything? • 2. Ask Relevant Question that you are interested in. • Were you at the scene of the crime the day of the murder? • If there is a bigger physiological reaction to the relevant question than the control question you are lying.

8. What Arguments Do Critics Make Against the “Lie Detector?”

9. Accuracy of the Polygraph Is Between 70 & 90% • Is this a good level of accuracy? • With 70% Accuracy: • Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees • 285 will be wrongly accused • With 95% Accuracy: • Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty • test all employees (including 999 innocents) • 50 wrongly declared guilty

10. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Polygraph Accuracy Study

11. Detecting Emotion/Lies With Facial Expressions • Paul Ekman developed a system for classifying deception within emotional expression. • With experience and training it is possible to detect microexpressions which indicate guilt, despair, and fear. • Must play close attention to facial muscles which are nearly impossible to control.

12. Number of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Expressing Emotion: Gender Differences • Studies have found that women are better readers of emotional cues and have more emotional reactivity than men in all measures except for anger.

13. The Emotion of Fear • Fear is an adaptive emotion which helps prepare us for dangerous situations but which can also negatively impact us. • Some fears are more innate than others but there have been experiments which have shown fears can be learned. • Ex: Monkeys and snakes and Certain phobias

14. Biology of Fear • The body’s control center for learning/enacting fear is the amygdala. • Loss or damage to one’s amygdala has lead to fearlessness in some patients.

15. The Emotion of Anger: Is the Catharsis Theory True? • Catharsis: refers to an emotional release. The hypothesis argues that by releasing aggressive energy on can relieve their aggressive urges.

16. The Concept of Happiness • Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood. • Subjective Well Being: most common measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.

17. $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing themselves as very happy Personal income Percentage very happy 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Does Money Buy Happiness?

18. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction Does Focusing On the Benjamins Bring Happiness?

19. What Affects Happiness? • Adaptation Level Phenomenon: our tendency to form judgments about our happiness relative to our prior experience.

20. What Affects Happiness? • Relative Deprivation:the tendency to be disappointed with a situation when you perceive you are worse off than others. • Ex: Grade Distributions; Pro Athletes’ salaries. • Works opposite way too; feeling satisfied when comparing yourself to the less fortunate.

21. However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Predicting Happiness

22. Short Term Adaptation Level Theory • Opponent Process Theory of Emotion: is the idea that every emotion triggers an opposing emotion. • Ex: Pain of childbirth---->Euphoria