Download
1 / 24
240 likes | 245 Vues
Learn about the significance of referencing in academic writing, how it helps in building arguments, avoiding plagiarism, and spreading knowledge. Understand the elements and styles of referencing, along with guidelines for citing sources in-text and creating a reference list.
E N D
NU1026 Academic Writing Referencing using the Harvard Referencing Style
What is referencing in academic writing? Referencing acknowledges the articles, books, websites and any other material used in the writing of an academic paper, essay, assignment or thesis. A well referenced paper identifies and acknowledges material used to build your arguments. It allows the reader to locate the sources used and it ensures that plagiarism is avoided.
Why reference ? According to Neville (2010, p8) there are six knowledge based reasons to reference: • Facilitates the tracing of the origin of ideas • Helps you to build a web of ideas • Supports your own voice in academic writing • Validates arguments • Helps to spread knowledge • Acknowledges the work of others
Yes No When do you reference ? Neville (2009, p15)
Yes No When do you reference ? Neville (2009, p15)
Elements of referencing Citing- referring to sources you quote within your paper, essay, assignment, report etc. Reference list - is a detailed list of all references cited within the text of the essay/ paper. The reference list must include comprehensive bibliographical information. Bibliography - is a detailed list of references and background reading, but these references may or may not have been cited within the text. The bibliography list must include comprehensive bibliographical information.
Referencing Styles Harvard (is the one of choice for this programme) Other referencing styles include but not limited to: MLA (Modern Language Association of America) APA Style Guide (American Psychological Association) Vancover Turabian Citation Style/ Chicago Manual of Style
How to Cite You must cite the sources you use in your work within the text of your paper. This brief citation refers the reader to the exact place in you reference list where you will provide the extended details of the source. Elements of citing - Harvard style author’s name year of publication page number where relevant
Rules for in-text citing Author(s) name - use surname only Use both authors’ surnames linked by “and” for 2 authors Use first author’s surname and et al for 3 or more authors Year - Give full four digits for year Pages - Quote from a single page - Blaber 2011, p4 Quote from multiple pages - Blaber 2011, pp16-18 Blaber (2011, p4) argues …... The Harvard/ Name - date style recommends giving page numbers if you are quoting directly. However if you are paraphrasing it is not essential to give page numbers.
How to cite the reference in the text: an example Writing essays and assignments is a challenging skill which is transferable; it further identifies your competent communication skills (McMillan and Myers 2010). Furthermore, Moore et al. (2010) suggests the learning will depend on you and your ability to make this process as successful and enjoyable as possible. Gimenez (2011, p 3) claims there are “five basic principles in planning academic writing”, namely the audience, topic, focus, rationale and finally signposts. Another very necessary skill required to be an effective writer is that of a reader (Gillett et al. 2010). When reading you notice there is a vast quantity of material available on each topic (Rose 2007, Becker 2009, Gillett et al. 2010). Much of the material you read will principally be journal articles, some books and diverse internet sources (read with caution). On a few occasions it may be necessary to use a secondary source of material because it may not be possible to access the primary source, the following example will illustrate how to cite within the text: Gill (2005 cited in Rose 2012) supports the view that secondary sources should be avoided where possible in academic writing. In 2013 Carroll (p2) maintains, “you are all good at writing essays but it’s just that nobody told you yet”.
Quoting and paraphrasing You must quote or paraphrase correctly to avoid plagiarism. Quote - is to directly use another’s words and to acknowledge the source: Many academics forget that “academic writing is not an uncomplicated task” (Moore et al 2010, p 96). Paraphrase - is to express the author’s work in your own words and to acknowledge the source: Writing essays in an academic manner is not without complications, academics are fully aware of these skills (Moore et al 2010).
Quoting and Paraphrasing Plagiarise - is to present another’s work as your own and not acknowledge the source (see module in RED) Rule for quotations- short quotes(around 20 words or less) in inverted commas within the text: Many academics forget that “academic writing is not an uncomplicated task” (Moore et al 2010, p 96). Long quotations of around 40 words or more should be used infrequently and only if they have a clear purpose. If used they should be indented in a separate paragraph, in a smaller font.
Elements of a Reference List The reference list is located at the end of an essay/paper in alphabetical order by author surname. Every reference must have enough information for the reader to find the source again. Where to find the elements of a reference: Book - look at the cover, the spine, publisher's information page (the reverse of the title page) Journal article - look at the header, footer or under the title on first page. On occasion information may be on the last page. Website - look at the top and bottom of the page, the logos and the web address.
Elements of a reference list (Adapted from Pears and Shields 2016 p.2)
How observant are you ? One list is correct. Can you identify the correct list? Can you find the errors and inconsistencies in the other list - there are 10. To Do - Quiz
Answer - reference list A is correct Reference List B Becker L. 2009 The mature student’s Handbook. Hampshire, Palgrave, Macmillan. rose .J. (2007) The mature student’s guide to writing. Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. Mooney, M. (2007), Newly qualified Irish nurses’ interpretation of their preparation and experiences of registration.Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, 1610-1617. Moore, S., Neville, C. Murphy, M., Connolly, C. (2010) The ultimate study skills handbook. Berkshire, McGraw – Hill. Heaney, F. & Hahessy, S. (2011) Patient satisfaction with an orthopaedic pre- operative assessment clinic. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing 15 82-91. Available from http://doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2010.10.003 [20.6.11].
