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Academic Enrichment Warm Up

Academic Enrichment Warm Up. Which of the following lists the Earth’s layers in order from coldest to hottest in temperature? a. outer core, mantle, inner core, crust b. mantle, crust, inner core, outer core c. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust d. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.

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Academic Enrichment Warm Up

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  1. Academic Enrichment Warm Up Which of the following lists the Earth’s layers in order from coldest to hottest in temperature? a. outer core, mantle, inner core, crust b. mantle, crust, inner core, outer core c. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust d. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

  2. Science Warm Up Rocks in the Earth's mantle contain a higher percentage of _______ and _______ than do rocks in the Earth's crust. a. magnesium and oxygen b. iron and magnesium c. iron and silicon d. silicon and oxygen

  3. What is Plate Tectonics? GLE 0707.7.4 Explain how earthquakes, mountain building, volcanoes, and sea floor spreading are associated with movements of the earth’s major plates.

  4. If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.

  5. World Plates

  6. Plate Tectonics • The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major tectonic plates which are moved in various directions. • This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. • Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features. • The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.

  7. What are tectonic plates made of? • Plates are made of rigid lithosphere. The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

  8. What lies beneath the tectonic plates? • Below the lithosphere (which makes up the tectonic plates) is the asthenosphere.

  9. Plate Movement • “Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection cells

  10. Divergent Convergent Transform Three types of plate boundary

  11. Spreading ridges As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap Divergent Boundaries

  12. Iceland: An example of continental rifting • Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle

  13. Convergent Boundaries • There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries. Plates that are colliding • Continent-continent collision • Continent-oceanic crust collision • Ocean-ocean collision

  14. Continent-Continent Collision • Forms mountains,e.g. European Alps, Himalayas

  15. Himalayas

  16. Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision • Called SUBDUCTION

  17. Subduction • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes

  18. Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision • When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. • The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. • The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. • E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!

  19. Transform Boundaries • Where plates slide past each other Above: View of the San Andreas transform fault

  20. Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics… …what’s the connection?

  21. Pacific Ring of Fire Volcanism is mostly focused at plate margins

  22. - Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots Volcanoes are formed by:

  23. Pacific Ring of Fire Hotspot volcanoes

  24. What are Hotspot Volcanoes? • Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes. Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com

  25. The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes. The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.

  26. Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics… …what’s the connection?

  27. As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe • At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur. Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe

  28. Where do earthquakes form? Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes

  29. Plate Tectonics Summary • The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core, mantle, crust) • On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe • Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere) • There are 2 types of plate • There are 3 types of plate boundaries • Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked to the margins of the tectonic plates

  30. Science Closure Divergent plates move _________ from each other. This causes _______ to form as well as mid-ocean ridges. a. towards, rifts b. away, sea floor c. away, aquifers d. towards, mountain ranges

  31. Academic Enrichment Closure Most tectonic plates move at rates of a. centimeters per year. b. meters per year. c. centimeters per second. d. meters per second.

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