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ORIGINS OF THE THEORY OF THE WITCHES’ SABBATH

ORIGINS OF THE THEORY OF THE WITCHES’ SABBATH. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus (1588): Alchemists and astrologers were respected professionals, but NOT if they invoked demons. (See Brian Levack, pp. 47-50).

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ORIGINS OF THE THEORY OF THE WITCHES’ SABBATH

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  1. ORIGINS OF THE THEORY OF THE WITCHES’ SABBATH

  2. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus(1588):Alchemists and astrologers were respected professionals, but NOT if they invoked demons.(See Brian Levack,pp. 47-50)

  3. Hans Baldung Grien, “The Groom Bewitched” (1544):Maleficium = “the working of harm to the bodies or goods of one’s neighbors by means of evil spirits or strange powers derived from intercourse with such spirits” (Oxford English Dictionary).

  4. The “lying in”: “Birth of the Virgin Mary” (Italian, ca. 1506):Midwives became suspect if the mother or baby died

  5. “Saul and the Witch of Endor” (1526): See 1 Samuel 28:1-25

  6. ORIGINS OF THE “INQUISITION”:St. Dominic (1170-1221) receives from God and St. Peter his commission to defend orthodoxy with the iron rod of discipline(painted ca. 1730)

  7. Malleus Maleficarum[The Hammer of Witches], by the Dominican inquisitors Heinrich Kramer and Jakob Sprenger (1486)

  8. Michael Wohlgemuth, Woodcut of the alleged ritual murder of Simon of Trent by the Jews (1493)

  9. Both Jews and accused witches were routinely subject to torture on the Continent, but not in England:A Jew interrogated with the strappada(16th-century German woodcut)

  10. After enough torture, they would confess to almost anything:The execution of 40 Jews in Berlin in 1510 for desecrating the Host (later exposed as a judicial fraud)

  11. SUSPICIONS ABOUT MAGIC FOCUSED MORE AND MORE ON WOMEN: Hieronymous Bosch, “The Temptation of St. Anthony” (1506)

  12. Joachim Patenier, “Temptation of St. Anthony” (ca. 1515)

  13. Albrecht Dürer,Untitled (1497) Botticelli, The Three Graces (detail from “Primavera”, 1482)

  14. Hans Baldung Grien, “Witches’ Sabbath” (1510)

  15. “True Chronicle of the Godless Witches and the Heretical Devil’s Women of Schletstaat”(1571)

  16. The Witches from Macbeth (J.H. Fuessli, 1783)

  17. Frans Francken, “A Witches’ Kitchen” (Antwerp, 1610)

  18. Frans Francken, “Assembly of Witches” (Antwerp, 1607)

  19. The “water test” for finding witches (England, 1613)

  20. A French vision of the Witches’ Sabbath from 1613

  21. Jacque de Gheyn (Flemish), “A Witches’ Sabbath” (1690s)

  22. Francisco de Goya, “Witches’ Sabbath” (Spain, 1789)

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