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Fighting Plants

Fighting Plants. Lieceng Zhu, PhD Department of Biological Sciences Fayetteville State University. Plants Are Amazing!. Being Plants Are No Fun. Biotic Stress . Pathogens Herbivores. Abiotic Stress. Run away?. No Fly, Fight or Die. Plant Defense. Ways & Means. Cry for help

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Fighting Plants

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  1. Fighting Plants Lieceng Zhu, PhD Department of Biological Sciences Fayetteville State University

  2. Plants Are Amazing!

  3. Being Plants Are No Fun

  4. Biotic Stress • Pathogens • Herbivores

  5. Abiotic Stress

  6. Run away?

  7. No Fly, Fight or Die

  8. Plant Defense

  9. Ways & Means • Cry for help • Talk and listen • Memory • Chemical • Physicals • Local • Systemic • Antibiosis • Antixenosis • Tolerance • Constitutive • Induced

  10. Cry for Help • The enemies of enemies are friends

  11. Warn Friends & Neighbors/Talk & listen Ian T. Baldwin, et al. 2006. Science (311) 812-815

  12. Remember the Offense Not forgotten, nor forgiven

  13. Antixenosis(Deter or prevent) • Physical: Trichome • Chemical: Smell/taste

  14. AntibiosisAffect development & reproduce • Toxic compounds • Less nutritive

  15. ToleranceYou have your way, I have my way!

  16. Chemical Defense • Secondary metabolites • Alkaloids: Nicotine, cocaine • Terpene (GLV) • Phenolics: Pyrethrin

  17. Physical Defense

  18. Constitutive & Induced Defense

  19. Steps of Induced Defense Responses • Perceive: Insect oral secretion • Transduce signal: secondary messenger (Phytohormones) • Defense response

  20. Phytohormones & Fatty Acids • Jasmonic acid (JA) • Salicylic acid (SA) • abscisic acid (ABA) • Auxin (IAA) • 12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid (OPDA) • Fatty acids • Oleic acid (FA18:1) • Linolenic acid (FA18:3)

  21. The Tale of Wheat & Hessian Fly • Host & Parasite • Life & death

  22. Wheat (Tricitcumaestivum) • # 6 • # 3 • # 3, 20% calories.

  23. Hessian Fly (HF) (Mayetiola destructor) • A family of Mosquito • Asian-Europe-North American • Independent war • Destructive adult eggs on leaf pupae larvae

  24. Wheat - Hessian fly Interaction • Host & parasite • Life & death • larvae stage • Sessile • Inject toxin • Stunt & Kill

  25. Resistant (A) and susceptible (B) wheat cultivars in Benton Co. MO, Dec. 2005. Photos: B. Schemerhorn, J. Stuart. Resistant & Susceptible Plants in Fields

  26. Wheat - Hessian Fly Interaction A gene for gene model vH13 Virulent GP Avirulent Incompatible Control Compatible

  27. Objective of Research • Identify plant hormones related to resistance/susceptibility of of wheat to Hessian fly infestation

  28. Significance • Understand the molecular mechanism of plant resistance • Develop cultivars with durable resistance • Protect food & agriculture security

  29. Materials & Methods • Plant & insects • Infesting • Sampling • Phytohormone profiling

  30. Plants • Wheat Molly: At two leaf stage

  31. Insects • Biotype GP (avirlulent) and vH13 (virulent)

  32. Experiment Design • 5 reps

  33. Infestation Virulent vH13 AvirulentGP Control (CK) Incompatible (S) Compatible (S)

  34. How to infest? • 15 HF/pot

  35. After Infestation

  36. Sampling Virulent Avirulent Control (CK) Incompatible (S) Compatible (S)

  37. Phytohormone Profiling GC-MS Analysis • Determine concentration of several types of phytohormone simultaneously Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Detector • Separator

  38. Results & Discussions

  39. Phytohormone Profiling • 10 phytohormone/related compounds detected • IAA, SA, CA, BA, JA, OPDA, 18:3, 18:1, 18:2 & 18:0 FA • IAA, SA, JA, OPDA, 18:1, 18:3 were affected at feeding sites Virulent Avirulent Control (CK) Incompatible (S) Compatible (S)

  40. Data file • Excel file • Statistics: • Means • standard deviation • standard error • Chart

  41. Compatible Interaction • IAA increased • Major form of Auxin • Implication: IAA contributes to susceptibility

  42. Incompatible Interaction • SA & OPDA increased • Concentration (ng/ g fresh weight) 11 fold SA 8 fold OPDA 35 fold 18 fold

  43. Membrane lipids 18:3 FA LOX2 AOS AOC OPDA OPR3 JA • 18:3 & 18:1 FA increased • JA decreased at 24 H • Implication: • JA may not regulate resistance • OPDA & SA may regulate resistant responses Response

  44. Conclusion • OPDA & SA may act together in wheat resistance to HF • IAA plays a role in susceptibility of wheat plants • Zhu et al. JEE, (103) 178-185

  45. The End

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